{"id":11201,"date":"2022-11-06T15:27:37","date_gmt":"2022-11-06T09:27:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/?p=11201"},"modified":"2022-11-06T15:49:39","modified_gmt":"2022-11-06T09:49:39","slug":"chemical-bonds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/chemical-bonds\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 <\/b><b>(Chemical bonds)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11209 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/1.1-3-894x1024.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"894\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/1.1-3-894x1024.png 894w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/1.1-3-262x300.png 262w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/1.1-3-768x880.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/1.1-3-1341x1536.png 1341w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/1.1-3-1788x2048.png 1788w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 894px) 100vw, 894px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 <\/b><b>(Valence electron):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 <strong>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/strong> \u09ac\u09be <strong>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/strong> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09aa\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 <strong>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b2<\/strong> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/b><b>(Explanation):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11210 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.1-8-1024x656.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.1-8-1024x656.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.1-8-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.1-8-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.1-8-1536x985.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.1-8-2048x1313.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11211 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.1-8-1024x521.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.1-8-1024x521.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.1-8-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.1-8-768x390.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.1-8-1536x781.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/3.1-8-2048x1041.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 1\u099f\u09bf \u0993 6\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, K \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 1\u099f\u09bf \u0993 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 (O) \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 6\u099f\u09bf\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Example-1 : <\/b><b>Li, Na, O, F \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0995\u09a4 ?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Na_{11}\\rightarrow 2,\u00a0\u00a08,\u00a0\u00a01\\Rightarrow Na<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 1\u099f\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Li_{3}\\rightarrow 2,\u00a0\u00a01\\Rightarrow Li<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 1\u099f\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">O_{8}\\rightarrow 2,\u00a0\u00a06\\Rightarrow O<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 6\u099f\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">F_{9} \\rightarrow 2, 7 \\Rightarrow F<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 7\u099f\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09aa\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0987 \u0990 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Example-2 :- <\/b><b>\u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ae\u09cc\u09b2<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"4\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">K \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">L \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">M \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">N \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">N (7)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">P (15)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Cl (17)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Ca (20)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be <\/b><b>(Valence and Valency)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 <\/b><b>(Valence):<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cb\u09a1\u09bc \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be <\/b><b>(Valency):<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11213 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.2-4-1024x656.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.2-4-1024x656.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.2-4-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.2-4-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.2-4-1536x985.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/2.2-4-2048x1313.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09be 6, \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be 6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cb\u09dc \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09e8\u099f\u09bf, \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/b><b>(Explanation):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be, 8 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09df\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8-\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u09ac\u09be \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0990 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be <\/b><b>(Definition):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09af\u09a4\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0990 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be H \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be Cl \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0987 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u0990 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09be \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 H \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a6\u09be 1 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09a4\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09be \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 Note: H \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a6\u09be 1 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>1:- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HCl<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 1\u099f\u09bf <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cl<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 1\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>2:- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">H_2O<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 2 \u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 2\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>3:- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CaO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ca<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be 1\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df 2\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ca<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 2\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>4:- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NaCl<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cl<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 1\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 (<\/b><b>Latent valency<\/b><b>)<\/b><b>:<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fe<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 3\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u0993 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 : <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">FeCl_2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fe<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 2 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fe<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 3\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u098f\u09ac <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">FeCl_2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fe<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3-2=1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 <\/b><b>(Valence of different elements):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ae\u09cc\u09b2<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ae\u09cc\u09b2<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ae\u09cc\u09b2<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">H<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Na<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Fe<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2, 3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">F<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">K<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Cu<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1, 2\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Cl<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Cl<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2.5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Zn<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Br<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Mg<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">I<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Al<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 <\/b><b>(Valency of different atoms with its compound):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09cc\u0997<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b2\u09bf\u09a5\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae (Li)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">LiCl<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae (Na)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">NaCl<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae (K)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">KCl<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae (Ca)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">CaCl_2<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae (Mg)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">MgCl_2<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae (Al)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">AlCl_3<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u099c\u09bf\u0982\u0995 (Zn)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">ZnCl_2<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0986\u09df\u09b0\u09a8 (Fe)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">FeCl_2<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">FeCl_3<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b2\u09c7\u09a1 (Pb)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PbCl_2<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PbCl_4<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0985\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09cc\u0997<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 (Br)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NaBr<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u09ac\u09cb\u09b0\u09a8 (B)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">BCl3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 (O)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H2O<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 <\/b><b>(Radical and their valency):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be <\/b><b>(Definition):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09df \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u099a\u09cd\u099b \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0986\u099a\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/b><b>(Explanation):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0987 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Example:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">NH_4^{+}<\/span> \u098f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u099f\u09bf <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u0993 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">H_{+}<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae (<span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">NH_4^{+}<\/span>) \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, \u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u098f\u0995 (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae, \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09c7\u09a4, \u0993 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 <\/b><b>(Name, Formula, Charge and Valence of Different types of Radical):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0985\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09c7\u09a4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">NH_4^{+}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">+1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">CO_3^{2-}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">-2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">HCO_3^{-}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">-1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">SO_4^{2-}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">-2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">HSO_4^{-}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">-1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09be\u0987\u099f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">SO_3^{2-}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">-2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">NO_3^{-}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">-1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09ab\u09b8\u09ab\u09c7\u099f<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">PO_4^{3-}<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">-3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0993 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 <\/b><b>(The reason for the formation of chemical bonds and chemical bonds)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be <\/b><b>(Definition):<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 <\/b><b>(Main reason for the formation of chemical bonds):<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 (\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u0995) \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09a4\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8: <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">H_2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09e8\u099f\u09bf <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09e7\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09a8-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af <\/b><b>(Information needed to form chemical bonds):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0\u0987 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u099f\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09b2\u09be\u09ad \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">1-17 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09a4\u09dc\u09bf\u09ce\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 <\/b><b>(Ionic bonds)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be <\/b><b>(Definition):<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u0993 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/b><b>(Explanation):<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09df \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u0993 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 : <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MgO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 &#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11215 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/14.1-4-1024x658.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"658\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/14.1-4-1024x658.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/14.1-4-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/14.1-4-768x494.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/14.1-4-1536x987.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/14.1-4-2048x1316.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MgO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mg<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 4 \u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Mg^{2+}<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u098f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Mg\\rightarrow Mg^{2+}+2e^-\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0, O \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u0990 2 \u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ne<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 4 \u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">O_2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">O+2e^-\\rightarrow O^{2-}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u098f\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Mg^{2+}<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">O^{2-}<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae <\/b><b>(Exception)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(i) 13 \u09a8\u0982 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Al<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u099f\u09bf 1 \u0993 2 \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 <\/b><b>(Covalent bond)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be <\/b><b>(Definition):<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df, \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/b><b>(Explanation):<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0989\u09ad\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u0989\u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ad\u09df \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0989\u09ad\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u0989\u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11216 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/15.1-5-1024x656.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/15.1-5-1024x656.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/15.1-5-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/15.1-5-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/15.1-5-1536x985.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/15.1-5-2048x1313.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb,\u00a0 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">H(1)\\rightarrow 1s^1<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u0964 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf H \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf \u0986\u09b8\u09c7 \u0989\u09ad\u09df \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 2 \u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af <\/b><b>(Characteristics of ionic and covalent bonds):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u0997\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u09c1\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 <\/b><b>(Melting point and boiling point):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0993 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09df \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u0985\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0993 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09e7\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4-\u0986\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u09c1\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0986\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09b8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4-\u0986\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09be\u09aa \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u09c1\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u0995\u09ae\u0964<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\/\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be <\/b><b>(Solubility):<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u09b8\u0995\u09b2 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09df<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AgCl<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u2013 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be, \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u2013 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u2013 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09df \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09aa\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 : \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09b2 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(C_2H_5OH), HCl<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-11218\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.1-4-300x196.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"300\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.1-4-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.1-4-1024x669.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.1-4-768x502.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.1-4-1536x1003.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.1-4-2048x1338.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-11219\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.2-3-300x196.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"300\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.2-3-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.2-3-1024x669.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.2-3-768x502.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.2-3-1536x1003.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/16.2-3-2048x1338.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be <\/b><b>(Electrical conductivity):<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 <\/b><b>(Ionic compound)-<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NaCl<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(Na^+)<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0993 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">(Cl^-)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0993 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u0995\u09b2 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">CaCl_2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7, <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Ca^{2+}<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0993 <span class=\"katex-eq\" data-katex-display=\"false\">Cl^-<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 <\/b><b>(Covalent compound)-\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be ; \u0986\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Note:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u0995\u09a0\u09bf\u09a8 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09dc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be ; \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 <\/b><b>(Metallic bonding)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be <\/b><b>(Definition): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/b><b>(Explanation):<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u098f\u0995 \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 (\u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0) \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 (\u0986\u09df\u09b0\u09a8) \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u099b\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf, \u0995\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09bf \u0986\u09b2\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u09b8\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b2\u0982\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11220 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/18.1-4-1024x599.png\" alt=\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 (Chemical Bonds and It's Bond)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/18.1-4-1024x599.png 1024w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/18.1-4-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/18.1-4-768x449.png 768w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/18.1-4-1536x898.png 1536w, https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/18.1-4-2048x1198.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df ; \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u0995 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b6\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0998\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b0\u09a3\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>\u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be <\/b><b>(Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of metals):<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u098f\u0995 \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u0997\u09c1\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a4\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09dc\u09bf \u0997\u09b0\u09ae \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09c7, \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09aa \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">\u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b0\u09a3\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u0997 \u09ac\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09ae \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df, \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 (Chemical bonds) \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 (Valence electron): \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09aa\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/p>\n<p> <a class=\"redmore\" href=\"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/chemical-bonds\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[50,5521,3024,3030],"tags":[4157,4155,4159,4156,4158],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11201"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11201"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15634,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11201\/revisions\/15634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}