{"id":2967,"date":"2022-03-24T17:00:36","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T17:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=2967"},"modified":"2023-06-22T15:25:22","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T09:25:22","slug":"internal-resistance-electromotive-force","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/internal-resistance-electromotive-force\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u0993 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 (Internal resistance and electromotive force)"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u0993 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 (Internal resistance of a cell and electromotive force)<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4, \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc [\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0]\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\"Internal<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 (internal resistance) <\/strong>\u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u2018r<\/span>‘ \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0993 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>\u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 (electromotive force)<\/b> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\"Internal<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 R_{1}<\/span><\/span>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 [\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0] R_{1}<\/span><\/span>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u099a\u09b2\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09ac\u099c\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 (electromotive force)<\/strong> \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09ac\u099c\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c7\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0 \u0998\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0993\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0993\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong> (electromotive force)<\/b> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>\\varepsilon<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09be E \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 (<\/b>unit of electromotive force or emf) <\/b>:<\/b><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\/\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac (JC^{-1}<\/span><\/span>), \u09ac\u09be \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f (volt, V)<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u0987 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u0995<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 <\/span>\u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u098f\u0995\u0987<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 1 \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09b8\u09b9 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0 \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0993\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09a4 \u099c\u09c1\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 (electromotive force) \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a4 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f (volt)\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u099f\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>\\mathrm{E}=1.5 \\mathrm{~V}<\/span><\/span>, \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc <\/span>1.5 \\mathrm{~V}<\/span><\/span> (\u09ac\u09be 1.5 \\mathrm{JC}^{-1}<\/span><\/span>) \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, <\/span>1<\/span> \u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u0993\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c7\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0 \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0993\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>1.5 \\mathrm{~J}<\/span> <\/span>\u0995\u09be\u099c \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf E-\u098f\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

1 \\mathrm{~mm}^{2}<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u09b8\u09c1\u09b7\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09ab\u09b2\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7<\/b> 10 \\mathrm{~A}<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>\u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7<\/b>\u0964<\/b> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0998\u09a8 \u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/b> 10^{28}<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u0997 \u0995\u09a4 ?\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf, <\/span>\\mathrm{I}=n \\mathrm{Ave}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\\begin{aligned}\nv &=\\frac{1}{n \\mathrm{Ae}} \\\\\n&=\\frac{1}{10^{28} \\times 10^{-6} \\times 1.6 \\times 10^{-19}} \\\\\n&=6.25 \\times 10^{-3} \\mathrm{~ms}^{-1}\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\r\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\mathrm{A}=1 \\mathrm{~mm}^{2}=10^{-6} \\mathrm{~m}^{2} \\\\\n\\mathrm{I}=10 \\mathrm{~A} \\\\\ne=1.6 \\times 10^{-19} \\\\\nn=10^{28} \\mathrm{~m}^{3} \\\\\nv=?\n\\end{array}<\/span>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0997\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 (<\/b>Relation between internal resistance and electromotive force)<\/b><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 (internal resistance)<\/strong>\u0964 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf, \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 r-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0, \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u0964 \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc (\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0) \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 R=R_{1}+r<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 R_{1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\"Internal<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 r-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be I \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0987,<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathrm{I} &=\\frac{\\mathrm{E}}{\\mathrm{R}_{1}+\\mathrm{r}} \\quad \\text { \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 } \\mathrm{E} \\text { \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09dc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u0964 } \\\\\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } \\mathrm{E} &=\\mathrm{IR}_{1}+\\mathrm{I} r \\\\\n&=\\mathrm{V}+\\mathrm{I} r\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

V \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>Ir<\/span> \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 r-\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09a4\u09a8\u0964 V-\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af (Terminal potential difference) \u09ac\u09be \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c (voltage)<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u099a\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u0987 V\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 (3.13) \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09af\u09c7, <\/span>\\mathrm{V}<\\mathrm{E}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u099c \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 (electromotive force) \u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 (internal resistance) \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 Ir \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc; \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce Ir \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af Ir-\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f (Lost volt)<\/strong> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ad\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u099f, <\/strong><\/span>\\mathrm{Ir}=\\mathrm{E}-\\mathrm{V}<\/span><\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 (3.13) \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \\mathrm{R}_{1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 <\/span>R<\/span>1<\/span> \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 (3.13)-\u098f <\/span>I\u00a0=\u00a00<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \\mathrm{E}=\\mathrm{V}<\/span><\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0 \u0996\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u0993\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09c0 ? \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u099a\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u0995\u09c0 ?<\/b><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 (<\/span>i<\/span>) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb i=\\frac{E}{R+r}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7, \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 R \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 <\/span>i<\/span> \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 E-\u098f\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 r \u098f\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u0997\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f (R=0)<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0989\u09b9\u09be \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09c0?<\/b><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2, \\mathrm{E}=\\mathrm{V}+ ir<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 <\/span>V=<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>r=<\/span> \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09ac, <\/span>V=E-i r<\/span><\/span>\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>V=E<\/span><\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

(i) <\/span>r=0<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u2014\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

(ii) <\/span>i=0<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09a8\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u0996\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u0993 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2 (Internal resistance of a cell and electromotive force) \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ce \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995<\/p>\n

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