{"id":3124,"date":"2022-03-24T07:50:33","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T07:50:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=3124"},"modified":"2022-03-27T04:55:08","modified_gmt":"2022-03-26T22:55:08","slug":"surface-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/surface-water\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 <\/b>(Purity Criteria of Surface water)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09e8 : \u09ad\u09c2-\u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : <\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09b2-<\/span><\/p>\n

(i) \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/span>pH<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) <\/span>DO<\/span> \u09ac\u09be <\/span>Dissolved Oxygen<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u09ac\u09be <\/span>Biochemical Oxygen Demand<\/span><\/p>\n

(v) <\/span>COD<\/span> \u09ac\u09be <\/span>Chemical Oxygen Demand<\/span><\/p>\n

(vi) <\/span>TDS<\/span> \u09ac\u09be <\/span>Total Dissolved Solid<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09b2-<\/span><\/p>\n

(i) \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be : <\/b>\u09af\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09a8\u09be \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a8 \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}, \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}, \\mathrm{HCO}^{3-}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}, \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}, \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}, \\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{-2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u09c1\u099f\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09df \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u099f \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \\mathrm{Ca}^{2+} \u0993\\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 <\/span>150\u00a0ppm<\/span> \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

WHO<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 <\/span>500\u00a0ppm<\/span>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/b>pH<\/span> : <\/b>WHO<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/span>pH<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 <\/span>6.5-8.5<\/span>\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 <\/span>6.5-9.2<\/span>\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u099c\u09b2\u099c \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b8 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/span>pH<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 <\/span>6.5-8.5<\/span> \u09ac\u09be <\/span>8.5<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09ae \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u0964 <\/span>pH<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 <\/span>4.5<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>9.5<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u0998\u09be\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 <\/span>pH<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/span>pH<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) <\/b>DO<\/span> : <\/b>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u099c\u09c0\u09ac, \u099c\u09b2\u099c \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09c0 \u0993 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\mathbf{0}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 <\/span>4-6<\/span> ppm<\/span> \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 <\/span>2-3\u00a0ppm<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) <\/b>BOD<\/span> : <\/b>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 <\/span>aerobic<\/span> \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09ac\u09c0\u09df \u09ad\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be <\/span>biodegradeable<\/span> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u099c\u09c0\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u0995 \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \\mathbf{0}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09be <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u099f\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09a4 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \\mathbf{0}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 <\/span>WHO<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 <\/span>6\u00a0ppm<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09b2 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 <\/span>1-2\u00a0ppm<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2 \u09b9\u09df\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09c8\u09ac\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 <\/span>+<\/span> \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 <\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u099f\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span>\u2192 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}+\\mathrm{H}_{2}+\\mathrm{NH}_{3}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(v) <\/b>COD<\/span> : <\/b>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u0985\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 – \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\text { \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 } \\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \\mathbf{0}_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u00a0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \\mathbf{0}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u099a\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09be <\/span>COD<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be (<\/span>COD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09df)\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(vi) <\/b>TDS<\/span> : <\/b>\u09ad\u09c2\u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>103\u2103<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09aa\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09a0\u09bf\u09a8 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>TDS<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 <\/span>WHO<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>TDS<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 <\/span>500\u00a0ppm<\/span>\u0964 <\/span>TDS<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u0993 \u0985\u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09ac \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09b2\u09df\u09a1\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09ac \u09a7\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u00a0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09b2 <\/span>TDS<\/span>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09e9 : \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 BOD \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df, \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \\mathbf{0}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09a4\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09a4\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099c\u09b2\u099c \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09c0 \u0986\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u0981\u099a\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0\u00a0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u099c\u09c0\u09ac \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be <\/span>Non-Biodegradeable<\/span> \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f \u09a7\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u0995 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09ea : \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : <\/span>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 <\/span>Ca<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09b6 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09a4 \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0990 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ad\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}<\/span><\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 M g^{2+}, F e^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

24 g M g^{2+}, 40 g C a^{2+}, 56 g F e^{2+}<\/span> \u099c\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{CaSO}_{4}+\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span>\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{CaSO}_{4} \\equiv 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{CaCl}_{2} \\equiv 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3} \\equiv 100 \\mathrm{~g} \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span>\n

\u098f\u0995\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{MgCl}_{2} \\equiv 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{MgSO}_{4} \\equiv 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{FeCl}_{2} \\equiv 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span>\n

\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0 :\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

(\u0995) \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf<\/b><\/p>\n

(i) \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df :\u00a0 <\/b>\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4 \u0996\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u0985\u09b0\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3- <\/span>HCl<\/span> \u09ac\u09be \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ab\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09aa \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}+2 \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}+\\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\left[\\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}=\\mathrm{Ca}\\left(\\mathrm{HCO}_{3}\\right)_{2}\\right]<\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n\\mathrm{Ca}\\left(\\mathrm{HCO}_{3}\\right)_{2} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 b V_{1} M_{1}=a V_{2} M_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be <\/span>ppm<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, <\/span>b=HCl<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be, V_{1}<\/span><\/span>=<\/span> \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 M_{1}<\/span><\/span>=<\/span> \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be, a=\\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be, V_{2}<\/span><\/span>=HCl<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 M_{2}<\/span><\/span>=HCl<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df : <\/b>\u0996\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u0996\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ab\u09c1\u09a4 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u0985\u09b0\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{CaSO}_{4}+\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span>\n\\mathrm{CaSO}_{4}+\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{CaSO}_{4} \\equiv 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3} \\equiv 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 b V_{1} M_{1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u2261 a V_{2} M_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 <\/span>ppm<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be, <\/span>1000ml 1M \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3} \\equiv 100 \\mathrm{~g} \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span> \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(\u0996) <\/b>EDTA (Etylene Diamine Tetra Acetate)<\/b> \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf : <\/b>\u098f \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u00a0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0987\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae \u09ac\u09cd\u09b2\u0995 <\/span>T (EBT)<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Surface<\/h1>\n

\u098f \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09c7, <\/span>EDTA<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \\mathrm{Ca}^{2+} \\text { \u098f\u09ac\u0982 } \\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 <\/span>1:1<\/span>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf : <\/b>\u09ac\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09c7 <\/span>EDTA<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09a1\u09be\u0987 <\/span>Na<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a8\u09c7\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>3-4\u00a0ml pH<\/span> 10<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 <\/span>2-3<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be <\/span>EBT <\/span>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09b0 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09aa\u09be\u0995\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09be <\/span>red wine <\/span>\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Surface<\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be :\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 b V_{1} M_{1}=a V_{2} M_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df –\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, <\/span>a:b=1:1<\/span><\/p>\n

V_{1}<\/span>=<\/span> \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8, M_{1}<\/span><\/span>=<\/span> \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span><\/p>\n

V_{2}<\/span>=EDTA <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8, M_{2}<\/span><\/span>=<\/span> EDTA\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be =\\frac{\\text { \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 } E D T A \\text { \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8 } \\times 1000}{\\text { \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8 }} p p m<\/span>\u00a0 (\u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2234<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be <\/span>=<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u00a0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u2013<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09eb : \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 DO \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 :<\/span>\u00a0 \u0989\u0987\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 <\/span>(Winkler)<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u098f \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0982\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u099c (ii) \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0982\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u099c (iv) \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 M n^{4+}<\/span><\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa :<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \\mathrm{MnSO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\\mathrm{MnSO}_{4}+2 \\mathrm{KOH} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span>\n
      \n
    1. \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \\mathrm{O}_{2} \\text { \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be } \\mathrm{Mn}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c0\u09df \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0982\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n2 M n(O H)_{2}+O_{2} \\rightarrow 2 M n O(O H)_{2} \\text { \u09ac\u09be, } M n^{2+}+\\frac{1}{2} O_{2} \\rightarrow M n^{4+}+O^{2-}<\/span>\n
        \n
      1. \u098f \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df <\/span>KI<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099d\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u099d\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\\mathrm{MnO}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{2}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

         <\/p>\n\\mathrm{Mn}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{2}+2 \\mathrm{KI} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{MnSO}_{4}+I_{2}<\/span>\n

        \u09ac\u09be, M n^{4+}+2 I^{-} \\longrightarrow M n^{2+}+I_{2}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 I_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0995\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n2 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}+I_{2} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{4} \\mathrm{O}_{6}+2 \\mathrm{NaI}<\/span>\n

          \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be : \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 O_{2} \\equiv 4 I^{-} \\equiv 2 I_{2} \\equiv 4 N a_{2} S_{2} O_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \\therefore 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{O}_{2} \\equiv 4 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u09ac\u09be, 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}=\\frac{1}{4} \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{O}_{2}=8 g \\mathrm{O}_{2}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09af\u09a6\u09bf <\/span>YmL<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>M<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 N a_{2} S_{2} O_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>XmL<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\\frac{V_{1} M_{1}\\left(O_{2}\\right)}{V_{2} M_{2}\\left(N a_{2} S_{2} O_{3}\\right)}=\\frac{1}{4}<\/span>\n

          \u09ac\u09be, M_{1}=\\frac{V_{2} M_{2}}{4 V_{1}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be, 1 m L\u00a0 1 M\u00a0 N a_{2} S_{2} O_{3} \\equiv 8 m g O_{2}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u098f \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>PPM<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 O_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09ec : \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 BOD \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

          \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u099c\u09c0\u09ac \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 (<\/span>20\u2103<\/span>) \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>Winkler<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (B O D)_{5}=\\left(D O_{1}-D O_{2}\\right) \\times<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b2\u0998\u09c2\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0<\/span><\/p>\n

          \\mathrm{DO}_{1}<\/span>=<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span><\/p>\n

          \\mathrm{DO}_{2}<\/span>=<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09b2\u0998\u09c2\u0995\u09b0\u09a3<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09b0=\\frac{\\text { \u09b2\u0998\u09c1\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 }}{\\text { \u0985\u09b2\u0998\u09c1\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09ed : \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 DO \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u0964 DO \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n

          \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 :<\/span> (i) <\/b>\u099c\u09b2\u099c \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09c0 \u0993 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u0993 \u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(ii) <\/b>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(iii) <\/b>\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09ee : \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 COD \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

          \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>COD<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa –<\/b><\/p>\n

          (i) <\/b>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (ii) <\/b>\u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 0.1 M K_{2} C r_{2} O_{7}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09be\u09dd \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 <\/span>
          \n<\/span> 1 \\mathrm{~g}\u00a0 \\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \u0993 1 \\mathrm{~g}\u00a0 \\mathrm{HgSO}_{4}<\/span><\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{HgSO}_{4} \\text { \u0995\u09c7 } \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span> <\/span>\u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (iii) <\/b>\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09ea-\u09eb \u0998\u09a3\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09a4 \u09b0\u09bf\u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\left[\\mathrm{CH}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\right]+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}+\\mathrm{CO}_{2}<\/span>\n

          \u09ac\u09be, 3\\left[\\mathrm{CH}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\right]+16 \\mathrm{H}^{+}+2 \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-} \\rightarrow 4 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+3 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          (iv) <\/b>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c0\u09a4\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 <\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0995\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb\u0987\u09a8 (Ferroin) \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 (\u09b8\u09ac\u09c1\u099c \u09ad\u09bf\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0993\u09b2 <\/span>
          \n<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ab\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09a5\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0995 \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3) \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u098f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 <\/span>0.1\u00a0M<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 <\/span>\u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}+6 \\mathrm{Fe}\\left(\\mathrm{NH}_{4}\\right)_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow 3 \\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+6\\left(\\mathrm{NH}_{4}\\right)_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

          (v) <\/b>\u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 <\/span>blank<\/span> \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\therefore C O D=\\frac{\\left(v_{1}-v_{2}\\right) \\times M \\times 8 \\times 1000}{v} m g L^{-1}<\/span>\n

          \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 , V_{1}<\/span><\/span>=<\/span>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09c0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09a4\u09a5\u09be<\/span>\u00a0blank<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09b2\u09ac\u09a3<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(FAS) <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8\u0964\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          V_{2}<\/span>=<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c0\u09df<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09b2\u09ac\u09a3<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(FAS)\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8\u0964\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          M=<\/span> FAS<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          V=<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          8=O_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09b0\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09ef : BOD \u0993 COD \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

          \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : \\frac{B O D}{C O D}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 <\/span>0.6<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac \u09ad\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 <\/span>0.3-0.6<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09ad\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09be\u0993 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>0.3<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09a3 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u00a0 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e9\u09e6 : \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 BOD \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be COD \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09df \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

          \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 :<\/span> COD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>Bio-degradable <\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>Non-biodegradable<\/span> \u0989\u09ad\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df O_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac \u09ad\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09ac\u09be <\/span>bio-degradable<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df O_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 <\/span>BOD<\/span> \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be <\/span>COD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e9\u09e7 : TDS \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

          \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : <\/span>TDS<\/span> \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 –<\/span><\/p>\n

          (i) <\/b>\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n

          (ii) <\/b>\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8-\u099b\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n

          (iii) <\/b>\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n

          (iv) <\/b>Deinonigation<\/span> \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e9\u09e8 : \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0995\u09bf\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

          \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 :<\/span><\/p>\n

          (i) \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8-\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa <\/b>: \u098f \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u0982 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>DO <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 <\/span>\u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (ii) \u0995\u09be\u0981\u099a \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa <\/b>: \u098f \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 <\/span>pH<\/span> \u0993 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (iii) \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa <\/b>: \u098f\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09df, \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (iv) \u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u09a1\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa <\/b>: \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u0982 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09df\u0964 <\/span>BOD<\/span>, <\/span>COD<\/span> \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09df <\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c8\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (v) \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c \u0993 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa <\/b>: \u098f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u0982 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 <\/span>pH<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 <\/span>DO<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (vi) \u099a\u09be\u09ae\u09dc\u09be \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa <\/b>: \u098f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> BOD<\/span> \u0993 <\/span>COD<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span>\u00a0\u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

          (vii) \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0982 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa <\/b>: \u098f \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <\/span>TDS<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0998\u099f\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>\u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09b2\u099c \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0998\u09cd\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 (Purity Criteria of Surface water) \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8-\u09e8\u09e8 : \u09ad\u09c2-\u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u0964 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 : \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09b2- (i) \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u09a4\u09be (ii) \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 pH (iii) DO \u09ac\u09be Dissolved Oxygen (iv) BOD \u09ac\u09be Biochemical<\/p>\n

          Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4230,3024,3032,50],"tags":[2281,2282,2283,2284,2288,2287,2286,2289,2285],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3124"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3124"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3124\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11950,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3124\/revisions\/11950"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3124"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}