{"id":3314,"date":"2023-02-24T07:30:50","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T01:30:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=3314"},"modified":"2023-09-04T18:10:15","modified_gmt":"2023-09-04T12:10:15","slug":"%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%86%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%86%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u0993 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be (Gaseous Molar Volume & Chemical Calculation)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7?<\/h2>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0993 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a6\u0996\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n

<\/b>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> \u09ac\u09be<\/b> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7?<\/h2>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09c7<\/span> M <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0995<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2 \\mathrm{molL}^{-1}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a1\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/b>, <\/b>\u09b8\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b> \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09bf<\/b> \u09ac\u09c1\u099d<\/b>?<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u2013
\n<\/span>1L <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 1 mol <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> 98g \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span> <\/span>\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 1M <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>1L <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 0.5 mol <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> 49g \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 0.5M <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>1L <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 0.1 mol <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> 9.8g \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 0.1M <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09a1\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>1L <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 0.01 mol <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> 0.98g \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 0.01M <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> \u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7?<\/h2>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span>– 0.1M \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span> <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09c0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 0.1mol <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> 10.6 gm \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\text{\\bf \\small \u09a1\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 }\\mathrm{\\bf Na}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf CO}_{3} \\text{\\bf \\small \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8?}<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> – <\/b>\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> 1L <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 1mol\u00a0 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 <\/span>\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> 1L <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> 1mol <\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span> 106 gm \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7?\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> kg <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 1mol <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> kg <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09c7<\/span> m <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0995<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span>\u00a0 mol<\/span>kg{^{-1}}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\\mathrm{m}=\\frac{\\text { \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 }}{\\mathrm{kg} \\text { \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 }}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u0993<\/b> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/b> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/b> \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af<\/b> \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>\u09ac\u09be<\/b>, <\/b>\u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u0989\u09aa\u09b0<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2<\/b>\/<\/b>\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u0995<\/b>?\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09b0<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>, <\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u0995<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac<\/span> \u0989\u09ad\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/b> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/b> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/b> \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09c0<\/b> \u09ac\u09c1\u099d<\/b>?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u0995\u09b2<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span>, <\/span>\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \\mathrm{O}_{2}<\/span> <\/span>\u0993<\/span> \\mathrm{CO}_{2}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span>, <\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c0<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/span> \u09a8\u09df<\/span>, <\/span>\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u0993\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u0995\u09c3\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span>– <\/span>\u0985\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span>, \\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}<\/span><\/span>, <\/span>\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \\left(\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4} .2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\right), \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}, 2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/b> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/b> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/b> \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09c0<\/b> \u09ac\u09c1\u099d<\/b>?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u0995\u09b2<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09c1\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09c0<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/span>, <\/span>\u09af\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u0993\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09aa<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u0995\u09c3\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{HCl}, \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}, \\mathrm{NaOH}, \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}, \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3} .5 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0997\u09be\u09dd<\/span> \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u0995\u09c7\u09a8<\/span>?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09c0<\/span> \u09a4\u09b0\u09b2<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span>, <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09df\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09c7<\/span> \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09df<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u0997\u09be\u09dd<\/span> \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09aa<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span>\u00a0\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{\\bf KMnO}_{4}<\/span>\u00a0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span>, <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u0995\u09c3\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09df<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span>\u00a0\\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span>\u00a0\\mathrm{MnO}_{2}<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u09b8\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09c7<\/span>\u00a0\\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \\mathrm{O}_{2}<\/span>\u00a0\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

NaOH <\/b>\u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/b> \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1<\/b> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/b> \u0995\u09c7\u09a8<\/b>?\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09c0<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09df\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0993\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09aa<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099a\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099a\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

PPM <\/b>\u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09c0<\/b> \u09ac\u09c1\u099d<\/b>? \\left(10^{6}\\right)<\/span><\/b><\/h2>\n

PPM <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb<\/span> Parts Per Million. <\/span>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7<\/span> \u09ad\u09be\u0997<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09a4<\/span> \u09ad\u09be\u0997<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> ppm <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 3 <\/span>\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e7<\/span>\/\u00a0 <\/span>\u0995\u09a0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \\left(\\frac{\\mathrm{w}}{\\mathrm{v}}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> 1 ppm = 1 mg\/kg = 1\u00b5g\/g<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e8<\/span>\/ <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \\left(\\frac{\\mathrm{w}}{\\mathrm{v}}\\right)<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> 1 ppm =1\u00b5g\/mL<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = 1mg\/L<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = 1\\mathrm{mg} \/ \\mathrm{dm}^{3}<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 =1\\mathrm{g} \/ \\mathrm{m}^{3}<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u0995<\/span> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> 1mL <\/span>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09b0<\/span> 1gm <\/span>\u09a7\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u09e9<\/span>\/ <\/span>\u09a4\u09b0\u09b2<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \\left(\\frac{\\mathrm{w}}{\\mathrm{v}}\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> 1 \\mathrm{ppm}=1 \\mu \\mathrm{L} \/ \\mathrm{L}\\left(10^{-6}=1 \\mu \\mathrm{g}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 1 \\mathrm{ppm}=\\frac{1}{10^{6}}=\\frac{10^{-6} \\mathrm{~g}}{1 \\mathrm{~g}}=\\frac{1 \\mu \\mathrm{g}}{1 \\mathrm{~g}}=\\frac{1 \\mu \\mathrm{g}}{1 \\mathrm{~mL}}(1 \\mu \\mathrm{g} \/ \\mathrm{mL})<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0=\\frac{10^{-6} \\mathrm{~g} \\times 10^{3} \\mathrm{~g}}{1 \\mathrm{~kg}}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0=\\frac{10^{-3} \\mathrm{~g}}{1 \\mathrm{~kg}}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0=\\frac{1 \\mathrm{mg}}{1 \\mathrm{~kg}}=\\frac{1 \\mathrm{mg}}{1 \\mathrm{~L}}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0=\\frac{10^{3} \\mathrm{mg}}{10^{3} \\mathrm{~L}}=\\frac{1 \\mathrm{~g}}{1 \\mathrm{~m}^{3}}\\left(\\mathrm{~g} \/ \\mathrm{m}^{3}\\right)<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>1 ppb <\/b>\u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09c0<\/b> \u09ac\u09c1\u099d<\/b>?<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> 100 <\/span>\u0995\u09cb\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09ad\u09be\u0997<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09a4<\/span> \u09ad\u09be\u0997<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u09b8\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u0995\u09c7<\/span> ppb <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span>– Parts Per Billion.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>( 1 ppb = 1 \u00b5g\/L\u00a0 )\u00a0 <\/b>
\n<\/b>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>PPM , PPb, PPt <\/b>\u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf<\/b> \u09ac\u09be<\/b> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/b> ppm, ppb <\/b>\u09a4\u09c7<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u0964<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/span> ( C ) =\\frac{W \\times 1000}{M \\times V}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

W = gm <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09b0<\/span>
\n<\/span>V = <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8
\n<\/span>M = <\/span>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09b0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C=\\frac{W \\times 10^{-3} \\times 1000}{M \\times 1000}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

W = ppm <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0<\/span>
\n<\/span>V = 1000mL<\/span>
\n<\/span>\\mathrm{W}=\\mathrm{C} \\times \\mathrm{M} \\times 10^{3} \\mathrm{PPm}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nC=\\frac{W \\times 1000}{M \\times 1000} \\quad V=1000 m L\\\\\n\n\\mathrm{W}=\\mathrm{Cmol}^{-1} \\times \\mathrm{Mgmol}^{-1}\\\\\n\n\\mathrm{W}=\\mathrm{CMgL}^{-1}\\\\\n\n=\\mathrm{C} \\times \\mathrm{M} \\times 10^{3} \\mathrm{mgL}^{-1}\\\\\n\n=\\mathrm{C} \\times \\mathrm{M} \\times 10^{3} \\mathrm{PPm}\\\\\n\nW=C \\times M \\times 10^{3} \\mathrm{PPm}\\\\\n\n=\\mathrm{C} \\times \\mathrm{M} \\times 10^{6} \\mathrm{PPb}\\\\\n\n=\\mathrm{C} \\times \\mathrm{M} \\times 10^{9} \\mathrm{PPt} \\quad \\text { (Parts per trillion) }<\/span>\n

\u0995\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09df<\/b> \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0<\/b> \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7<\/b> \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be<\/b> \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

1. PPm =\\frac{\\text { \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0 ( \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae ) }}{\\text { \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0 ( \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae ) }} \\times 10^{6}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>2. PPm =\\frac{\\text { \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0 ( \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae ) }}{\\text { \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 (\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0) }} \\times 10^{6}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>3. PPb =\\frac{\\text { \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0 ( \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae ) }}{\\text { \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0 ( \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae ) }} \\times 10^{9}<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

4. PPb =\\frac{\\text { \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09b0 ( \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae ) }}{\\text { \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 (\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0) }} \\times 10^{9}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>5. <\/span>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> PPM:\u00a0 W =\u00a0 C \\times M \\times 10^{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 PPm<\/span>
\n<\/span>6. <\/span>\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0<\/span> : \\mathrm{x}=\\frac{\\mathrm{C} M}{1000} \\%<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{aligned}\n\n\\mathrm{C} &=\\frac{\\mathrm{W} \\times 1000}{\\mathrm{M} \\times \\mathrm{V}}=\\frac{10 \\mathrm{x} \\times 1000}{\\mathrm{M} \\times \\mathrm{V}} \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{x} &=\\frac{\\mathrm{C} M}{1000} \\%\n\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>\n

6. \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 PPM \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u0983 PPM \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u00a0 \\mathrm{x}=\\mathrm{W} \\% \\times 10^{6}<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0( W% = \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 )<\/p>\n

7. PPM <\/span>\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6<\/span>, 1 PPM = 0.0001%<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u09e8\u09df \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u0995 \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0998\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09cb \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u099f\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0983\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u098f\u0987\u099a\u098f\u09b8\u09b8\u09bf \u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u09e8\u09df \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 | Chemistry 2nd Paper<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987\u099a\u098f\u09b8\u09b8\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u099f\u09aa\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0993 \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u099c\u09b0\u09c7\u0983\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n