{"id":3315,"date":"2022-03-24T07:15:49","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T07:15:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=3315"},"modified":"2022-03-23T21:30:43","modified_gmt":"2022-03-23T21:30:43","slug":"%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b2-%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b2-%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%95\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995 (Acid -Base Indicator)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2<\/b>–<\/b>\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/b>\u00a0\u0995\u09c0<\/b>? <\/b>\u098f\u09b0<\/b>\u00a0 <\/b>\u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb<\/b> \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\r\n

\u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u0983<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span>\u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2<\/span>–<\/span>\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099c<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

i. <\/span>\u098f\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u099c\u09c8\u09ac<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u099c\u09c8\u09ac<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

ii. \u09b8\u09ac<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0987<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

iii. <\/span>\u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

iv. \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u0989\u099c\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

v. \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09b9\u09a0\u09be\u09ce<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

vi. \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/b> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2<\/b> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u099c\u09c8\u09ac<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u099c\u09c8\u09ac<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span>– <\/span>\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09b8<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09ab\u09c7\u09a8\u09b2\u09ab\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u099c\u09c8\u09ac<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u09a1<\/span>, <\/span>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u099c\u09c8\u09ac<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df\u0964 <\/span>\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span>– <\/span>\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09b8<\/span> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \\mathrm{HIn} \\longleftrightarrow\u00a0 \\mathrm{H}^{+}+\\mathrm{In}^{-}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (<\/span>\u09b2\u09be\u09b2<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span>)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (<\/span>\u09a8\u09c0\u09b2<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span>– HCl <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span> HIn <\/span>\u0986\u09df\u09a8<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09a6\u09bf<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span>– NaOH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span> <\/span>\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be<\/span> \u09a1\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> In ^{-}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> –<\/span>
<\/span>\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathrm{K}_{\\text {ln }} &=\\frac{\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\ln ^{-}\\right]}{[\\mathrm{Hln}]} \\\\\n\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right] &=\\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{ln}} \\frac{[\\mathrm{Hln}]}{\\left[\\ln ^{-}\\right]} \\\\\n-\\log \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right] &=-\\log \\mathrm{K}_{\\ln }-\\log \\frac{[\\mathrm{Hln}]}{\\left[\\ln ^{-}\\right]} \\\\\n\\mathrm{pH} &=\\mathrm{pK}_{\\ln } \\quad+\\log \\frac{\\left[\\mathrm{ln}^{-}\\right]}{[\\mathrm{Hln}]}\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>
<\/span>\u09af\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> [<\/span>ln<\/span>–<\/span>] =\u00a0 [ Hln] <\/span>\u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span>,\u00a0 \\mathrm{pH}=\\mathrm{pK}_{\\ln}<\/span> <\/span>\u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> ln- <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> Hln <\/span>\u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u0997\u09c1\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \\mathrm{pH}=\\mathrm{pK}_{\\ln }+1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09a6\u09bf<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> Hln <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u0997\u09c1\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \\mathrm{pH}=\\mathrm{pK}_{\\ln }-1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \\mathrm{pH}=\\mathrm{pK}_{\\mathrm{ln}}\\pm 1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09a5\u09be<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \\mathrm{pK}_{\\ln }<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b9\u09b2<\/span> 7. <\/span>\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span> 6 \u2212 8 .\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7<\/b> pH <\/b>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/b> \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3,<\/span>
<\/span>\"\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span>
<\/span>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/b> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/b> \u09ac\u09be<\/b> \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8<\/b> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/b> \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09c0<\/b> \u09ac\u09c1\u099d<\/b>?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09c3\u09a4<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/b> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/b> \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 12 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2<\/span> \u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u0993<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u0995<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u09b0\u09cb<\/span> \u098f\u0995<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf<\/span> \u099a\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u0986\u09b8\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09be<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\u09b8\u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u0987<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb<\/span> 4 \u2013 10 .\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/b> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/b> \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\r\n

\u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 12 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2<\/span> \u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u0993<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u0995<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u09b0\u09cb<\/span> \u098f\u0995<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf<\/span> \u099a\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u0986\u09b8\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09be<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\u09b8\u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0990 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 1 \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 pH \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb 4 \u2013 10 .\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/b> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/b> \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8<\/b>\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2<\/span> \u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2<\/span> \u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0996\u09c1\u09ac<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7\u00a0 <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09be\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09be\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7<\/span> 7 \u2013 10. <\/span>\u0985\u09a4\u098f\u09ac<\/span>, <\/span>\u0989\u09a4\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span> \u09ab\u09c7\u09a8\u09b2\u09ab\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/p>\r\n

\u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ab\u09c7\u09a8\u09b2\u09ab\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u2013 <\/span>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> NaOH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}+\\mathrm{NaOH} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\\\ \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{Na}^{+}\\\\\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\longleftrightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2193<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2<\/p>\r\n

\u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0<\/b> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/b> \u0993<\/b> \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/b> \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8<\/b> \u0995\u09b0<\/b>\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\u09a4\u09c0\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2<\/span> \u09ab\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0<\/span> \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09a7\u09c0\u09b0<\/span> \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3<\/span> \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7<\/span> \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u0997<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0<\/span> \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> 3.5 <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09be\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span> 3.5 \u2013 7 . <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c<\/span> \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u09a1<\/span>, <\/span>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/span> \u0995\u09ae<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span>– \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_3 <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> HCl <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2<\/p>\r\n

\u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u0983<\/b> \u09e7<\/b><\/p>\r\n

<\/b>\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}+\\mathrm{HCl} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{NaCl}<\/span><\/p>\r\n\\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{HCl} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{NaCl}+\\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\r\n

\u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u0983<\/b> \u09e8<\/b>
<\/b>\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}+\\mathrm{HCl} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{Cl}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>
<\/span>\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{Cl} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span>
<\/span>\\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\longleftrightarrow \\mathrm{NH}_{3}+\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/b> \u0993<\/b> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/b> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4<\/b> \u09b9\u09df<\/b> \u09a8\u09be<\/b> \u0995\u09c7\u09a8<\/b>?<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u0989\u09ad\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf<\/span> \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09ae\u09c7<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u0986\u09b8\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09ab\u09cb\u0981\u099f\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09ae\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb<\/span> \u0986\u0995\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8<\/span> \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09a8\u09c7\u0987<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\"\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/p>\r\n

\\mathrm{\\bf Na}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf CO}_{3}<\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b> HCl <\/b>\u098f\u09b0<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/b> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7<\/b> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4<\/b> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/b>?<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1<\/span> \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa<\/span>–\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}+\\mathrm{HCl} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{NaCl}<\/span>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}+\\mathrm{HCl} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{NaCl}+\\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\r\n

\\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> HCl\u00a0 <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u098f<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2<\/span> \u09b0\u09c7\u09a1<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\\mathrm{\\bf Na}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf CO}_{3}<\/span>\u00a0 <\/b>\u098f\u09b0<\/b> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0<\/b> \u0995\u09c7\u09a8<\/b>?<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n

\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> NaoH <\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1<\/span> ( \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0) <\/span>\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> OH- <\/span>\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> pH <\/span>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3} \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}<\/span>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\\mathrm{CO}_{3}{ }^{2-}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{HCO}_{3}{ }^{-}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span>\r\n

\\mathrm{\\bf CuSO}_{4}<\/span>\u00a0 <\/b>\u098f\u09b0<\/b> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/b> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/b> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0<\/b> \u0995\u09c7\u09a8<\/b>?\u00a0 <\/b>\u09ac\u09be<\/b> pH <\/b>\u098f\u09b0<\/b> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/b> 7 <\/b>\u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/b> \u0995\u09ae<\/b> \u0995\u09c7\u09a8<\/b>?<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\r\n\\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\longleftrightarrow {\\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}}+{\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}}<\/span>\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (<\/span>\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2<\/span>)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0(<\/span>\u09b8\u09ac\u09b2<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span> H<\/span>3<\/span>O+ <\/span>\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> pH <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\\begin{array}{rr}\n\\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} & \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+\\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-} \\\\\n\\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} & \\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}\n\\end{array}<\/span>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2–\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u00a0\u0995\u09c0? \u098f\u09b0\u00a0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u0964\u00a0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u0983\u00a0 \u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2–\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964\u00a0 i. \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u099c\u09c8\u09ac \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 ii. \u09b8\u09ac<\/p>\n

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