{"id":3323,"date":"2022-03-24T07:10:04","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T07:10:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=3323"},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:45:05","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T05:45:05","slug":"%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a3-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a3-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 (Oxidation-Reduction)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983<\/b> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u0993<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/b> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/b> \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u09b8\u09b9<\/b> \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0983<\/b>\u00a0\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/span> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8<\/span> \u098f\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u0987<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09be<\/span> e^{-}<\/span> <\/span>\u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0983<\/b>\u00a0\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/span> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8<\/span> \u098f\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u0987<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09be<\/span> e^{-}<\/span> <\/span>\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u0983<\/strong> <\/span>\u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> NaCl <\/span>\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>2 \\mathrm{Na}+\\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{NaCl}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf<\/b> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/b> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7<\/b> \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/b> \u09b9\u09b2\u0983<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/span> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u098f\u0987<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0995<\/span> \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> (Na) <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u0983\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7<\/span> (\\mathrm{Na}^{+}<\/span>) <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0995<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7<\/span> (\\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span>) <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0<\/span> \u0989\u09ad\u09df<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8<\/span> \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> NaCl <\/span>\u0997\u09a0\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0983<\/span> 2 \\mathrm{Na}<\/span> (\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995) \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Na}^{+}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0983<\/span> \\mathrm{Cl}_{2}<\/span> (\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995) +2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span>+<\/span>) <\/span>\u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>, 2 \\mathrm{Na}+\\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Na}^{+} \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span>\u09ac\u09be 2 \\mathrm{NaCl}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09df<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09df<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09af\u09a4\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09a4\u09a4\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0987\u09b9\u09be<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2<\/span> \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983<\/b> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/b> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/b> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09aa\u09ce \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be, \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0<\/span><\/b> !<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u0987\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u0995\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09af\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7<\/span> \u09a4\u0996\u09a8<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0993<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/span> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09aa\u09ce<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u0989\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2<\/span>–\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> (Na) <\/span>\u0993<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \\left(\\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\\right)<\/span> <\/span>\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1<\/span> (NaCl) <\/span>\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0983<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{Na}<\/span>(<\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span>) \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Na}^{+}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\\mathrm{Cl}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 (<\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span>) +2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span>+<\/span>) <\/span>\u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>, 2 \\mathrm{Na}+\\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \\longrightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Na}^{+} \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span> \u09ac\u09be 2NaCl<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> NaCl <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0995<\/span> Na <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0995<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0<\/span>, <\/span>\u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> NaCl <\/span>\u098f<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u098f\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span> Na <\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u0987\u09b9\u09be<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be<\/span> \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be<\/span> \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span> \u09a8\u09be<\/span>, <\/span>\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09aa\u09ce<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983<\/b>\u00a0 <\/b>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/b>\u00a0\u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7<\/b>? <\/b>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/b> \u0995\u09bf\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df<\/b> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/b> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0986\u099b\u09c7<\/span>, <\/span>\u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u0986\u09b8\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u09af\u09a4\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u0995<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u0995<\/span> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u09ac\u09be<\/span> \u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>, <\/span>\u09b8\u09c7\u0987<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u0990<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u099f\u09bf\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2<\/span> \u0995\u09a4\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u0995<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa<\/span> \u09a4\u09dc\u09bf\u09ce<\/span> \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span>, <\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u0987<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u0983<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> NaCl <\/span>\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> Na <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982<\/span> \u098f\u0987<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> Na <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> +1 <\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7<\/span> Cl <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09c7<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0987<\/span> \u098f\u0987<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> Cl <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> -1 <\/span>\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09df<\/span>, <\/span>\u09b6\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4<\/span> \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u201c-\u201d <\/span>\u099a\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0986\u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u0995\u09ae<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u201c+\u201d <\/span>\u099a\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09a8<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span> \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8<\/span> \u2013 HCl <\/span>\u098f<\/span> H <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> +1 <\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> Cl <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> -1\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u0983<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h4>\n

\u09e7\u0964<\/span> \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09c7<\/span> \u0989\u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09c0\u099c\u0997\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09ab\u09b2<\/span> \u09b6\u09c2\u09a3\u09cd\u09af<\/span> \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u098f\u0987<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09ab\u09b2<\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e8\u0964<\/span> \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1<\/span> -1, <\/span>\u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1<\/span> (\\mathrm{KO}_{2}<\/span>) – \u00bd <\/span>\u09a7\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df<\/span>, <\/span>\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7<\/span> -2 <\/span>\u09a7\u09b0\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e9\u0964<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995<\/span> \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/span> \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df<\/span> \u09b8\u09ac<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09b6\u09c2\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ea\u0964<\/span> \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983<\/span> \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099c\u09c7\u09a8<\/span> \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7<\/span> \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09b0<\/span> \u09a4\u09dc\u09bf\u09ce<\/span> \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995<\/span> \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> -1 .\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09eb\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df<\/span> \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> +1 <\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09ae\u09c3\u09ce\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09c1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> +2.\u00a0 <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983\u00a0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0993 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0964<\/strong>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u0993<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0<\/span> \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u0983<\/span><\/h3>\n
\"\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0993 \u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af<\/p><\/div>\n

\u0995\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09af\u09bc<\/b> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/b>–\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/b> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0<\/b> \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/b> \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5<\/b> : (<\/b>\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8<\/b> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0<\/b>)<\/b>
\n<\/b>1. \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\\left(\\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}\\right)<\/span>\n

2. \\mathrm{Sn}^{4+}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Sn}^{2+} \\stackrel{+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}}{\\longrightarrow} \\mathrm{Sn}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3.\\mathrm{O}_{2}^{2-}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{O}^{2-}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 (\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8) \\left(\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{2}\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4. \\mathrm{Mn}^{+7} \\mathrm{O}_{4}^{-8}+5 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+8 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/p>\n\\left(\\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}\\right)<\/span>\n

5. \\mathrm{Cr}_{2}^{+12} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{-2}+6 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\\left(\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}\\right)<\/span>\n

6. \\mathrm{I}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7. \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}^{+}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\\left(\\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}\\right)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \\mathrm{MnO}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u098f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 Mn \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 +6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 +4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0995\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf :<\/b><\/h4>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 (\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0)<\/b><\/p>\n

1. \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}+\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\left(\\mathrm{FeSO}_{4}, \\mathrm{FeCl}_{2}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\\mathrm{Sn}^{2+} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Sn}^{4+}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\left(\\mathrm{SnCl}_{2}\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3. 2 \\mathrm{I}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}(KI)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4. \\stackrel{+6}{C}_{2} \\stackrel{+6}{O}_{3}{}^{2-}<\/span><\/span>(<\/span>\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8<\/span>)\\rightarrow 2 \\stackrel{+4}{C} \\stackrel{+4}{O}_{2}+ 2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}<\/span> \\left(\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4},\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5. 2 \\stackrel{+4}{S}_{2} \\stackrel{+6}{O}_{3}{}^{2-}<\/span><\/span>(<\/span>\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8<\/span>) \\rightarrow\\stackrel{+10}{S}_{4} \\stackrel{-12}{O}_{6}{}^{2-} +2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}\\left(\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(<\/span>\u099f\u09c7\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u099f<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

6. \\mathrm{S}^{2-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{S}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}\\left(\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

7. \\stackrel{2-}{O_{2}} \\rightarrow O_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{\\bf H}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf ~S}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf O}_{8}<\/span> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 (\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1) S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09a4?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n+1 \\times 2+x \\times 2+(-1) \\times 2+6 \\times(-2)=0<\/span>\n

\u09ac\u09be<\/span>, <\/span>2<\/span>x\u00a0–\u00a012\u00a0=\u00a00<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2234<\/span>x = + 6\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae :<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09e7. \\mathrm{\\bf CrO}_{5}<\/span> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 ?? \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be :<\/strong> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \\mathrm{CrO}_{5}<\/span><\/span> (\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1) \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 Cr \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be +10 [\\stackrel{x}{Cr} \\stackrel{-2}{O}_{5},\\mathrm{x}-10=0\\Rightarrow \\mathrm{x}=+10<\/span><\/span>] \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 Cr \u098f\u09b0 3d \u0985\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 5\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 4s \u0985\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 1\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 Cr \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb\u0987 +6 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CrO}_{5}<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc Cr \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 +6\u0964 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995, \\mathrm{CrO}_{5}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 Cr \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be = x\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2234<\/span>x +1(<\/span>\u2212<\/span>2) + 4(<\/span>\u2212<\/span>1) = 0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>(O \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af) (O<\/span>\u2212<\/span>O \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 O \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2234<\/span>x = +6. \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \\mathrm{CrO}_{5}<\/span><\/span>\u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 Cr \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be = +6.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e8. \\mathrm{\\bf H}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf SO}_{5}<\/span>\u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be <\/strong>:<\/strong> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0, \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{5}<\/span>(\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1) \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be +8 [\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{~S} \\mathrm{O}_{5}, \\mathrm{x}+2-10=0 \\Rightarrow \\mathrm{x}=+8<\/span><\/span>] \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 S \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 6\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb\u0987 +6 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{5}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 +6\u0964 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995, <\/span>H<\/span>2<\/span>S<\/span>2<\/span>O<\/span>5<\/span>\u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be = <\/span>?<\/span>\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>2(+1)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 +x \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 +2(<\/span>\u2212<\/span>1)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 +3(<\/span>\u2212<\/span>2)=0<\/span><\/p>\n

(H \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (O \u2013 O) \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 O- \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (\u0985\u09aa\u09b0 O- \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2234<\/span>x=+6\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, <\/span>\u00a0\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{5}<\/span> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be +6\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \\mathrm{\\bf Na}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf ~S}_{4} \\mathrm{\\bf O}_{6}<\/span> \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be :<\/strong> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4<\/span> \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf<\/span> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0<\/span>, \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{4} \\mathrm{O}_{6}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> S <\/span>\u098f\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0<\/span> \u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/span> +2<\/span>.5<\/span> [\\stackrel{+1}{Na}_{2} \\stackrel{+x}{~S}_{4} \\stackrel{-2}{O}_{6}, 2(+\\mathrm{l})+4 \\mathrm{x}+6(-2)=0 \\Rightarrow \\mathrm{x}=+2.5<\/span><\/span>]\u00a0<\/span>\u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/span> \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964<\/span> \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf<\/span> S <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0<\/span> \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7<\/span> \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7<\/span>, <\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af<\/span> \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf<\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf<\/span> S <\/span>\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0<\/span> \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/span> \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be<\/span> x<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

x\u00d72+2\u00d70 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 + 6(<\/span>\u2212<\/span>2) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 + 2(+1) = \u09e6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (S-S\u00a0 \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (O \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af Na \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be, 2<\/span>?<\/span>\u2212<\/span>12+2=0, <\/span>?<\/span>=+5<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{4} \\mathrm{O}_{6}<\/span><\/span>\u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf S \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf S \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be +5.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \\mathrm{\\bf Fe}_{3} \\mathrm{\\bf O}_{4}<\/span>\u00a0 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 ??<\/strong> \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be :<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u09a4\u09c7 Fe \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be +8\/3[3<\/span>?<\/span>+4(<\/span>\u2212<\/span>2)=0 \u09ac\u09be <\/span>?<\/span>=8\/3] \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span><\/span> \u09a4\u09c7 Fe \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0997\u09a1\u09bc \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span> <\/span>\u09b9\u09b2 FeO \u0993 \\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2 FeO.<\/span> \\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span>\u0964 FeO \u09a4\u09c7 Fe \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 +2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a4\u09c7 Fe \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 +3\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 : \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09a6\u09be\u0993\u0964<\/b><\/h4>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 :<\/b>\u00a0 \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u0993 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{Na} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{e}^{-}<\/span> <\/span>[\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7-\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be]<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{Cl}+\\mathrm{e} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span> [\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7-\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \\mathrm{Na}+\\mathrm{Cl} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}^{+} \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0[\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u0993\u0964<\/b><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/b> \u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \\left(\\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}\\right)<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 (KI) \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}\\left(\\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982\\mathrm{KI}\\left(\\mathrm{I}^{-}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u0995\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{I}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be:<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}_{2}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})<\/span> \u09ac\u09be 2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{1+}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span><\/span>(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

(i) \u09a8\u0982 \u0993 (ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0987,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})+2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_{2}+\\mathrm{Cu}_{2}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})<\/span> \u09ac\u09be 2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{1+}(\\mathrm{aq})<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7-<\/span><\/p>\n

2 \\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}(\\mathrm{aq})+4 \\mathrm{KI}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_{2}+\\mathrm{Cu}_{2} \\mathrm{I}_{2}<\/span> \u09ac\u09be 2 \\mathrm{CuI}(\\mathrm{aq})+2 \\mathrm{~K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO} 4(\\mathrm{aq})<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(aq)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0987\u09b9\u09be\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3-\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \\mathrm{\\bf K}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf Cr}_{2}{\\bf O}_{7}<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09b8\u09b9 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/b> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a1\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u099f (\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2}{O}_{7}<\/span><\/span>) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 (KI) \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2}{O}_{7}\\left(\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}\\right)<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{KI}\\left(\\mathrm{I}^{-}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>I<\/span>–<\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \\mathrm{K}^{+}<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{SO}_{4}{ }^{2-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}(aq) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}(\\mathrm{aq})+6 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}(\\mathrm{aq})+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u2026\u2026\u2026 (ii)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7, \u09af\u09be \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}{ }^{2-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af (i) \u09a8\u0982 \u0995\u09c7 3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 (ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0987-<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}{ }^{2-} (aq)+6 \\mathrm{I}^{-}(aq) +14 \\mathrm{H}^{+}(aq) \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}(aq) +3 \\mathrm{I}_{2}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7-<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}+6 \\mathrm{KI}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow 4 \\mathrm{~K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+3 \\mathrm{I}_{2}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09a6\u09bf HCl \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7-<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}+6 \\mathrm{KI}+14 \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow 8 \\mathrm{KCl}+2 \\mathrm{CrCl}_{3}+3 \\mathrm{I}_{2}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a1\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u0993\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/b> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a1\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \\left(\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 (<\/span>FeSO<\/span>4<\/span>) \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2}{O}_{7}\\left(\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}\\right)<\/span><\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{FeSO}_{4}\\left(\\mathrm{Fe}^{2}\\right)<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u0995\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}{ }^{2-}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \\mathrm{K}^{+}<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}<\/span><\/span>\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}(\\mathrm{aq})+\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>\u00a0(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}{ }^{2-}(\\mathrm{aq})+6 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}(\\mathrm{aq})+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7, \u09af\u09be \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 (i) \u09a8\u0982 \u0995\u09c7 6 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 (ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0987-<\/span><\/p>\n6 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2}-(\\mathrm{aq})+14 \\mathrm{H}^{+}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\rightarrow 6 \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}(\\mathrm{aq})+2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}(\\mathrm{aq})+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7-<\/span><\/p>\n6 \\mathrm{FeSO}_{4}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow 3 \\mathrm{Fe}_{2}(\\mathrm{SO} 4)_{3}+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3-\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09be \u09b0\u09bf\u09a1\u0995\u09cd\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0995) 6 \\mathrm{\\bf Fe}^{2+}+\\mathrm{\\bf Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf O}_{7}^{2-}+ 14 \\mathrm{\\bf H}^{+} \\rightarrow 6 \\mathrm{\\bf Fe}^{3+}+2 \\mathrm{\\bf Cr}^{3+}+7 \\mathrm{\\bf H}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf O}<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa-<\/span><\/p>\n

6 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-} 14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 6 \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 (\\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span><\/span>) \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a1\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u099f \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 (\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}{ }^{2-}<\/span><\/span>) \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 Cr \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa:<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be:\u00a0 <\/b>\\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}(aq)\n\n\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+} (aq)+\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>\u00a0(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be: <\/b>6 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})+6 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u2026\u2026\u2026..(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af (i) \u09a8\u0982 \u0995\u09c7 6 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 (ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0987<\/span><\/p>\n

6 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}+14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 6 \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>(\u0996) 2 \\mathrm{\\bf Cu}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{\\bf I}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{\\bf Cu}_{2} \\mathrm{\\bf l}_{2}<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/span>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/b> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa-<\/span>
\n<\/span>2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{I}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}_{2} \\mathrm{l}_{2}<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 Cu \u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{I}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u0983<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0983<\/b> 4 \\mathrm{I}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0983<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}_{2}{ }^{2+}\\cdots \\cdots \\cdots \\cdots<\/span>(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af (i)+ (ii)\\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{I}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_{2}+\\mathrm{Cu}_{2}{ }^{2+}+ 2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>\u09ac\u09be, 2 \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{I}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}_{2} \\mathrm{l}_{2}+\\mathrm{I}_{2}<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>(\u0997) 2 \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}{ }^{2-}(\\mathrm{aq})+\\mathrm{I}_{2}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{S}_{4} \\mathrm{O}_{6}{ }^{2}{ }^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})+2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/b>
\n<\/b>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/b> \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u0983<\/span><\/p>\n2 \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}{ }^{2-}(\\mathrm{aq})+\\mathrm{I}_{2}(\\mathrm{aq}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{S}_{4} \\mathrm{O}_{6}{ }^{2}{ }^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})+2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})<\/span>\n

S \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0983<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}{ }^{2-}(aq) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{S}_{4} \\mathrm{O}_{6}{ }^{2-}(aq)+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}(aq) \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be <\/b>: \\mathrm{I}_{2}(aq)+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{I}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span><\/span>(ii)<\/span>
\n<\/span> \u00a0<\/span>(i)+ (ii)<\/span>\u2192<\/span> 2 \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}{ }^{2-}(aq)+\\mathrm{I}_{2}(aq)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{S}_{4} \\mathrm{O}_{6}{ }^{2-}(aq)+2 \\mathrm{I}^{-}(aq)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0998) \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{FeSO}_{4} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{MnSO}_{4}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/i><\/strong>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa-<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{FeSO}_{4} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{MnSO}_{4}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 (Fe) \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc\\mathrm{FeSO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}\\left(\\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}\\right)<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u00a0\u098f Mn \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc +7 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 +2 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc )<\/span> \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u09ac\u09be \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0964 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u0983<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}(aq) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}(aq)+\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>\u00a0(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-} \\text {(aq) }+5 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+8 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l}) \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>\u00a0(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af (i) \u09a8\u0982 \u0995\u09c7 5 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 (ii) \u09a8\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0987-<\/span><\/p>\n

5 \\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}+\\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}+8 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 5 \\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+\\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span>\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3-\u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09b2-<\/span><\/p>\n10 \\mathrm{FeSO}_{4}+2 \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}+8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow 5 \\mathrm{Fe}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+2 \\mathrm{MnSO}_{4}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

(\u0999) 5\\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}{ }^{2^{-}}+{2 \\mathrm{Mn} \\mathrm{O}_{4}{ }^{-}}+16 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}+10 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 :<\/b> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa-<\/span><\/p>\n

5\\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}{ }^{2^{-}}+{2 \\mathrm{Mn} \\mathrm{O}_{4}{ }^{-}}+16 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}+10 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right)<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \\left(\\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}\\right)<\/span><\/span> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 Mn \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099f \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \\left(\\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}{ }^{2-}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 C \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be +3 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 +4 \u098f \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be:<\/b> \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}{ }^{2-} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>\u00a0(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be:<\/b> \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+5 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+8 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af {(i)\u00d75}+{(ii)\u00d72}<\/span><\/p>\n5 \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}{ }^{2-}+2 \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}+16 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}+10 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}<\/span>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09b8\u09b9 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u0964<\/b> <\/b>
\n<\/b>
\n<\/b>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/b> \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f (\\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}<\/span><\/i><\/span>) \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 (\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{2}<\/span><\/span>) \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}\\left(\\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}\\right)<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{O}_{2}{ }^{-}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0964 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be .<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \\mathrm{O}_{2}{ }^{2-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{O}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-}<\/span>\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. (i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be :<\/b> \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}+5 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+8 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 (ii)<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af<\/span>– <\/span>{<\/span>ix<\/span>5}+{(<\/span>ii)x<\/span>2}<\/span><\/p>\n

5 \\mathrm{O}_{2}{ }^{2-}+2 \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+16 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 5 \\mathrm{O}_{2}+\\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span> \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7<\/span> \u0998\u099f\u09b2\u09c7<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8<\/span> \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7<\/span> \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/span> \u09b9\u09af\u09bc<\/span>–<\/span><\/p>\n

5 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow 5 \\mathrm{O}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}+\\mathrm{Br}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{MnO}_{2}+\\mathrm{BrO}_{3}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/b> :<\/b> \\mathrm{Br}^{-}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{BrO}_{3}+6 \\mathrm{H}^{+}+6 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/b> :<\/b> \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}+4 \\mathrm{H}^{+}+3 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{MnO}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

(i)<\/span>+(<\/span>ii)x<\/span>2\u2192<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{Br}^{-}+2 \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{BrO}_{3}^{-}+2 \\mathrm{MnO}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \\stackrel{+5}{KBrO}_{3}+\\stackrel{-1}{KBr}+\\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow \\stackrel{0}{Br}_{2}+\\mathrm{KCl}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be<\/span>, \\mathrm{BrO}_{3}^{-}+\\mathrm{Br}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Br}_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/b> :<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{Br}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Br}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/b> :<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{BrO}_{3}^{-}+12 \\mathrm{H}^{+}+10 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Br}_{2}+6 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(ii<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n(i) \\times 5+ (ii)\\rightarrow<\/span>\n

2 \\mathrm{BrO}_{3}{ }^{-}+12 \\mathrm{H}^{+}+10 \\mathrm{Br}^{-} \\rightarrow 6 \\mathrm{Br}_{2}+6 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be<\/span>, \\mathrm{BrO}_{3}{ }^{-}+6 \\mathrm{H}^{+}+5 \\mathrm{Br}^{-} \\rightarrow 3 \\mathrm{Br}_{2}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \\mathrm{K}_{2} \\stackrel{+12}{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\stackrel{-1}{NaCI} \\rightarrow \\stackrel{+6}{Cr}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+\\stackrel{\\mathrm{0}}{\\mathrm{Cl}_{2}}+\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/b> :<\/b> 2 \\mathrm{Cl}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cl}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{e}^{-} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>(i)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3<\/b> \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be<\/b> :<\/b> \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}{ }^{2-} +6 \\mathrm{e}^{-}+14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots<\/span>\u00a0(ii)<\/span><\/p>\n

(i)\\times 3+(ii)\\rightarrow<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

6 \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}+\\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}{ }^{2-}+ 14 \\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+3 \\mathrm{Cl}_{2}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u0995<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8<\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997<\/span> \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<\/span> \u09aa\u09be\u0987<\/span>,<\/span>
\n<\/span>6 \\mathrm{NaCl}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cr}_{2}\\left(\\mathrm{SO}_{4}\\right)_{3}+3 \\mathrm{Cl}_{2}+7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}+3 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u09e8\u09df \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u0995 \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0998\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09cb \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u099f\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0983\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987\u099a\u098f\u09b8\u09b8\u09bf \u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u09e8\u09df \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 | Chemistry 2nd Paper<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

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