{"id":3689,"date":"2022-03-24T05:25:32","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T05:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=3689"},"modified":"2023-06-22T17:13:11","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T11:13:11","slug":"chemical-equilibrium","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/chemical-equilibrium\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be (Chemical equilibrium)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d <\/b>(Chemical equilibrium)?<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u00a0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u0995 \u0993 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be <\/b>\u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09b2-<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995<\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df H_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u0993 I_{1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>H I<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>H I<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 H_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u0993 I_{1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0<\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be, \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state)<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983 <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0986\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u0989\u09ad\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0986\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09af\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0964 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 H_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09be\u09a2\u09bc \u09ac\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09a8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 I_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09aa \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 H_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u0993 I_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{HI}<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \\mathrm{HI}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b9\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u09b6\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \\frac{128}{53} l^{*}<\/span><\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7, \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09aa\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \\mathrm{HI}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 I_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \\mathrm{HI}^{*}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09b6 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0964 \\mathrm{H}_{2}+\\mathrm{I}_{2} * \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{HI} *<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1, \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\mathrm{HI}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \\mathrm{HI}^{*}<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0985\u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \\mathrm{HI}<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 H_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0993<\/span> I_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u098f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

2 H I \\rightarrow H_{2}+I_{2}<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b8\u09ac \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09ac\u09ae\u09be\u09a8- \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(All chemical reactions are running towards equilibrium)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u0997 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7, \u09b8\u09ac \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09ac\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09ac \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09b2 \\left(\\mathrm{CH}_{2} \\mathrm{CH}_{2} \\mathrm{OH}\\right)<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \\left(\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}\\right)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b8\u09ae\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc <\/span>100<\/span>\u00b0C\u00a0<\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7, \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2-\u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099f \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 <\/span>66.7%<\/span> \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>66.7%<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>66.7%<\/span> \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>66<\/span>.<\/span>7%<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09ac\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{lcccc}\n\n& \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH} & + \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{5} \\mathrm{OH} & \\rightarrow & \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOC}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{3} & + \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7: } & 100 \\% & 100 \\% && 0 \\% & 0 \\% \\\\\n\n\\text { \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0, } & 33.3 \\% & 33.3 \\% && 66.7 \\% & 66.7 \\%\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0, \u09b8\u09ae\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 <\/span>100<\/span>\u00b0C<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 <\/span>66.7%<\/span> \u098f \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{lcccc}\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be : } & \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOC}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{3} & + \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} & \\rightarrow & \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH} & + \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{5} \\mathrm{OH} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7: } & 100 \\% & 100 \\% && 0 \\% & 0 \\% \\\\\n\n\\text { \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0, } & 66.7 \\% & 66.7 \\% && 33.3 \\% & 33.3 \\%\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09ac\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc-<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}+\\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{5} \\mathrm{OH} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOC}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{3}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0 (<\/b>Mention the conditions or properties of chemical equilibrium)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0995. \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09bf\u09a4\u09be (Bidirectionality): <\/b>\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u09ad\u09af\u09bc\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0996. \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be (Applicability): <\/b>\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0997. \u09b8\u0982\u0998\u099f\u09a8 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 (Field of occurrence): <\/b>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09b2\u09c7 (Closed system) \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0998. \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u0997 (speed of movement): <\/b>\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u0997 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u0997 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0999. \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a4\u09be (Incomplete reaction): <\/b>\u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099a. \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0989\u09ad\u09af\u09bc\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u0997\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be (Equilibrium position or accessibility on both sides): <\/b>\u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\n\\mathrm{H}_{2}+\\mathrm{I}_{2} \\stackrel{450^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}}{\\rightleftharpoons} 2 \\mathrm{HI} \\\\\n\n20 \\% \\quad \\quad \\quad \\quad 80 \\%\\\\\n\n2 \\mathrm{HI} \\stackrel{450^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}}{\\rightleftharpoons} \\mathrm{H}_{2} + \\mathrm{I}_{2} \\\\\n\n80 \\% \\quad \\quad \\quad \\quad 20 \\%\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\mathrm{H}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0993<\/span>\u00a0 \\mathrm{I}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \\mathrm{HI}<\/span> \u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u0987 <\/span>80%<\/span> \\mathrm{HI}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>20% \\mathrm{H}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0993 \\mathrm{I}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099b. \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac (The effect of the regulator): <\/b>\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be, \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u0993 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099c. \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0998\u099f\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac (Catalyst effect)<\/b>: <\/span>\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0998\u099f\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0998\u099f\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09a4\u09b0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u099d. \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac (Sustainability of equality): <\/b>\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae\u0995 (\u09a4\u09be\u09aa, \u099a\u09be\u09aa, \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be) \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u099a\u09bf\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0993 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? (<\/b>Equilibrium and homogeneity equilibrium)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

(\u0995) \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be <\/b>(Equilibrium equilibrium)<\/b>: <\/b>\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09ad\u09cc\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 <\/span>\u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be <\/b>\u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u0964 \u098f \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09a6\u09b6\u09be\u09af\u09bc (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09a4 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09b6\u09be\u09af\u09bc) \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\n2 \\mathrm{SO}_{2}(g)+\\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \\rightleftharpoons 2 \\mathrm{SO}_{3}(g) \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{N}_{2}(g)+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \\rightleftharpoons 2 \\mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

(\u0996) \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be <\/b>(Equilibrium equilibrium)<\/b>: <\/b>\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u0993 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ad\u09cc\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac <\/span>\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be<\/b> \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}(s) \\stackrel{\\Delta}{\\rightleftharpoons} \\mathrm{CaO}(s)+\\mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09b6\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be, \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0964 \u098f \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09ad\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be <\/b>(Law of Mass Action)<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0990 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 (\u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u0964)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u099b\u09c7-<\/span><\/p>\n

A+B \\rightleftharpoons C+D<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ad\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0, R_{f} \\propto[A][B]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be, R_{f}=k_{1}[A][B]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, k_{1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7, \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7<\/span><\/p>\n

R_{B} \\propto[C][D]<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be, R_{B}=k_{2}[C][D]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

k_{2}<\/span> <\/span>\u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df, R_{f}=R_{B}<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\\quad k_{1}[A][B]=k_{2}[C][D]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\\quad \\frac{k_{1}}{K_{2}}=\\frac{[C] \\times[D]}{[A] \\times[B]}=k=k_{e q}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987 \\mathrm{K}<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u0964 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 K_{C}<\/span> <\/span>\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u00a0 K_{P}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? <\/b>(Equivalent or constant)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09b0\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09a5\u09cb\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0998\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? (What is meant by partial pressure)<\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0990 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u0995\u09c0 \u09a6\u0996\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964
\n\\text { \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa }=\\frac{\\text { \u0990 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be }}{\\text { \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be }} \\times \\text { \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u099a\u09be\u09aa }<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 K_{C}<\/span>\u00a0\u09ac\u09be \u00a0K_{P}<\/span>\u00a0\u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u0964 (What is K_{C}<\/span>\u00a0and \u00a0K_{P}<\/span> and it\u2019s relationship)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a5\u09cb\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0998\u09be\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u09ab\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a5\u09cb\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0998\u09be\u09a4\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0964 \u098f \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 K_{C}<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09b0\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a5\u09cb\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0998\u09be\u09a4\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a5\u09cb\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0998\u09be\u09a4\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 K_{P}<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{aA}_{(\\mathrm{g})}+\\mathrm{bB}_{(\\mathrm{g})} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{lL}_{(\\mathrm{g})}+\\mathrm{mM}_{(\\mathrm{g})}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\u09ad\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7,\u00a0 \u00a0\\quad K_{C}=\\frac{[\\mathrm{L}]^{1} \\times[\\mathrm{M}]^{\\mathrm{m}}}{[\\mathrm{A}]^{\\mathrm{a}} \\times[\\mathrm{B}]^{\\mathrm{b}}}=\\frac{c_{\\mathrm{L}}^{\\mathrm{l}} \\times c_{\\mathrm{M}}^{\\mathrm{m}}}{c_{\\mathrm{A}}^{\\mathrm{a}} \\times \\mathrm{c}_{\\mathrm{B}}{ }^{\\mathrm{b}}} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots (i)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\\quad K_{P}=\\frac{p_{L}^{\\prime} \\times p_{M}^{m}}{p_{A}^{a} \\times p_{B}^{b}} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots(ii)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 n \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa P \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0990 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u099f\u09bf T \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc V \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a6\u0996\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7, \u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{PV}=\\mathrm{nRT}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \u00a0P=\\frac{n}{V} \\cdot R T<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be, <\/span> \u00a0 <\/span>P= CRT \\left[C=\\frac{n}{V}\\right]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \\mathrm{K_{P}}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0987,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be, \u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0\\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{P}}=\\frac{\\left(C_{L} R T\\right)^{I} \\times\\left(C_{M} R T\\right)^{m}}{\\left(C_{A} R T\\right)^{a} \\times\\left(C_{B} R T\\right)^{b}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\\begin{array}{l}\n\n=\\frac{C_{L}^{l} \\times C_{M}^{m}}{C_{A}^{a} \\times \\mathrm{C}_{\\mathrm{B}}^{\\mathrm{b}}} \\times \\frac{(R T)^{l+m}}{(R T)^{a+b}} \\\\\n\n=K_{C} \\times(R T)^{(l+m)-(a+b)}\\\\\n\n=K_{C}(R T)^{\\Delta n}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\\Delta n=<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \\mathrm{K_{C}}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{K_{P}}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \\Delta n=0,\\left(H_{2}+I_{2} \\rightleftharpoons 2 H I\\right)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \\begin{array}{c}\n\nK_{P}=K_{C} \\times(R T)^{0} \\\\\n\n\\therefore K_{P}=K_{C}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09ce\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Significance of Equilibrium)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae\u0995\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09a4\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- K_{C}<\/span><\/span>,\u00a0<\/span>K_{P}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0995\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0995\u09c2\u09b2 \u09a8\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? \\boldsymbol{K_{C}}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? (Why the value of equilibrium can never be zero or infinite?) (Why is the value of \\boldsymbol{K_{C}}<\/span> never zero or infinite?)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u0964 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7-<\/span><\/p>\n

    A \\rightleftharpoons B<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7,<\/span>K_{C}=\\frac{[B]}{[A]} \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots \\ldots(i)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09af\u09a6\u09bf K_{C}=0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(<\/span>i)\u00a0<\/span>\u09a8\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 [B]=0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, K_{C}=\\frac{0}{[A]}=0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09b0\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987, K_{C} \\neq 0<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0, K_{C}=\\propto<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 <\/span>(<\/span>i)\u00a0<\/span>\u09a8\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 [A] = 0<\/span> \u09b9\u09a4\u09cb \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, K_{C}=\\frac{[B]}{0}=\\propto<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 K_{C} \\neq \\propto<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 K_{C}<\/span><\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 K_{C}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982\u00a0 K_{P}<\/span><\/b> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Unit of K_{C}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0and K_{P}<\/span><\/b>)<\/b><\/h2>\n

    \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

    \u09e7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>\\Delta n=0<\/span> <\/span>\u00a0 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1, K_{C}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982\u00a0 K_{P}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u0995\u0995\u09ac\u09bf\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09e8\u0964 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \\Delta n=1<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 K_{C}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995\u00a0 \\operatorname{molL}^{-1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09ac\u0982\u00a0 K_{P}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995\u00a0 atm \u09ac\u09be pa \u09ac\u09be\u00a0 \\mathrm{Nm}^{-2}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\nA \\rightleftharpoons 2 B \\\\\n\nK_{c}=\\frac{[B]^{2}}{[A]}=\\frac{m p l^{2} L^{-2}}{m o l L^{-1}}=m o l L^{-1}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

    \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09ad\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09e9\u0964 <\/span>\\Delta n=-1<\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 K_{C}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \\mathrm{Lmol}^{-1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09ac\u0982 K_{P}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \\mathrm{atm}^{-1}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    2 A \\rightleftharpoons B<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u00a0 K_{p}=\\frac{P_{B}}{P_{A}^{2}}=\\frac{\\mathrm{atm}}{\\mathrm{atm}^{2}}=\\mathrm{atm}^{-1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \\Delta n=2-4=-2<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    K_{C}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995\u00a0 \u00a0\\quad L^{2} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-2}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    K_{P}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u00a0 \u00a0(\\mathrm{atm})^{-2}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? <\/b>(What is meant by the amount of subtraction and the degree of subtraction)<\/b><\/h2>\n

    \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

    \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- <\/span>5<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>2<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 <\/span>2<\/span>\u0964 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7, \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a4 \u09ad\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09ad\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc <\/span>5<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 <\/span>2<\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 <\/span>2<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \\frac{2}{5}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09ac\u09be <\/span>0.4<\/span> \u09ac\u09be <\/span>40%<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 K_{C}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0K_{P}<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Expression of K_{C}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0and K_{P}<\/span><\/b>)<\/b><\/h2>\n

    \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983<\/b><\/h3>\n

    H_{2}(g)+I_{2}(g) \\rightleftharpoons 2 H I(g)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, v \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>a mol \\mathrm{H}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>b mol \\mathrm{I}_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u0964 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2 \u09af\u09c7, \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc <\/span>\u00a0\\alpha<\/span><\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \\mathrm{HI}<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u2234<\/span> \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc K_{C}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span>\u00a0 K_{P}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 (a-\\alpha)<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 (b-\\alpha)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{lccc}\n\n\\text { \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf } & \\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+ & l_{2}(g) & \\rightleftharpoons 2 \\mathrm{HI} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09e7\u09ae \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc : } & 1 \\mathrm{~mol} & 1 \\mathrm{~mol} & 0 \\mathrm{~mol} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5|\u09af\u09bc : } & (a-\\alpha) & (b-\\alpha) & 2 \\alpha \\mathrm{mol} \\\\\n\n& \\mathrm{mol} & \\mathrm{mol} &\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

     <\/p>\n

    K_{C}<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\mathrm{H}_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \\left[\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\right]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span>\u00a0 \\mathrm{C}_{H_{2}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n=\\frac{a-\\alpha}{v} \\operatorname{mol} L^{-1}<\/span>\n

    \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc I_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \\left[I_{2}\\right]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 C_{l_{2}}=\\frac{b-\\alpha}{v} \\operatorname{mol} L^{-1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc HI<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be <\/span>[H I]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 C_{H I}=\\frac{2 \\alpha}{v} \\operatorname{molL}^{-1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\\therefore \\quad K_{C}=\\frac{[\\mathrm{Hl}]^{2}}{\\left[\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\right]\\left[l_{2}\\right]} \\frac{C_{H I}^{2}}{C_{H_{2}} \\times C_{I_{2}}}<\/span>\n

    \\therefore<\/span> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 K_{C}=\\frac{[H l]^{2}}{\\left[H_{2}\\right]\\left[l_{2}\\right]} \\frac{C_{H I}^{2}}{C_{H_{2}} \\times C_{I_{2}}}<\/span><\/p>\n=\\frac{\\left(\\frac{2 \\alpha}{\\mathrm{V}}\\right)^{2}}{\\frac{\\mathrm{a}-\\alpha}{\\mathrm{V}} \\cdot \\frac{\\mathrm{b}-\\alpha}{\\mathrm{V}}}=\\frac{4 \\propto^{2}}{(\\mathrm{a}-\\alpha)(\\mathrm{b}-\\alpha)}<\/span>\n

    \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \\Delta n=0<\/span> \u09b8\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u0995\u09ac\u09bf\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n

    K_{P}<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\Delta n=2-2=0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982,<\/p>\n\\begin{aligned}\n\nK_{P} &=K_{C} \\times(R T)^{\\Delta n} \\\\\n\nK_{P} &=K_{C}\n\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>\n\\therefore K_{P}=\\frac{4 \\alpha^{2}}{(a-\\alpha)(b-\\alpha)}<\/span>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983\u00a0 <\/b> N_{2} O_{4}<\/span><\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8<\/b> \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0<\/b> K_{c}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982\u00a0 <\/b>K_{P}<\/span><\/b> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df<\/b> \u0995\u09b0<\/b>\u0964<\/b><\/p>\n

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4} \\rightleftharpoons \\quad 2 \\mathrm{NO}_{2}<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be 1 \\mathrm{~mol} \\quad 0 \\mathrm{~mol}<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \\quad(1-\\propto) \\mathrm{mol} \\quad 2 \\propto \\mathrm{mol}<\/span><\/p>\n

    \\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be, \\left[\\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}\\right]=\\frac{1-\\propto}{v} \\operatorname{mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}<\/span><\/p>\n

    \\mathrm{NO}_{2}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be, \\left[\\mathrm{NO}_{2}\\right]=\\frac{2 \\propto}{v} \\mathrm{molL}^{-1}<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, v<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\\begin{aligned}\n\n\\therefore \\quad K_{C} &=\\frac{\\left[N O_{2}\\right]^{2}}{\\left[N_{2} O_{4}\\right]} \\\\\n\n&=\\frac{\\frac{\\left(\\frac{2 \\alpha}{v}\\right)^{2}}{1-\\alpha}}{v} \\\\\n\n&=\\frac{4 \\alpha^{2}}{v^{2}} \\times \\frac{v}{1-\\alpha}=\\frac{4 \\alpha^{2}}{v(1-\\alpha)} \\operatorname{molL}^{-1}\n\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>\n

    K_{P}<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u099a\u09be\u09aa =P \\mathrm{~atm}<\/span>
    \n\u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be =1-\\alpha+2 \\propto=1+\\alpha<\/span>
    \n\\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa P_{\\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}}=\\frac{1-\\propto}{1+\\alpha} .<\/span> Patm
    \n\\mathrm{NO}_{2}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \\mathrm{P}_{\\mathrm{NO}_{2}}=\\frac{2 \\propto}{1+\\alpha} .<\/span> Patm
    \n\n\n=\\frac{2 \\propto P}{1+\\alpha} . \\text { atm }\n\n<\/span>
    \n\n\n\\begin{aligned}\n\n\\therefore \\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{p}} &=\\frac{\\left(P_{\\mathrm{NO}_{2}}\\right)^{2}}{P_{N_{2} O_{4}}}=\\frac{\\left(\\frac{2 \\propto P}{1+\\alpha}\\right)^{2}}{\\frac{P(1-\\alpha)}{1+\\alpha}} \\\\\n\n&=\\frac{4 \\propto^{2} P^{2}}{(1+\\propto)^{2}} \\cdot \\frac{(1+\\alpha)}{P(1-\\propto)}=\\frac{4 \\alpha^{2} \\times P}{\\left(1-\\alpha^{2}\\right)} \\mathrm{atm}\n\n\\end{aligned}\n\n<\/span>
    \n\u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \\propto<\/span> \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 1-\\alpha \\approx 1<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{aligned}\n\n\\therefore \\quad K_{P} &=4 \\propto^{2} P \\\\\n\n\\propto^{2} &=\\frac{k p}{4 p} \\\\\n\n\\therefore \\quad & \\propto=\\frac{1}{2} \\sqrt{\\frac{k P}{P}}\n\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>\n

    \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09aa\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \\mathrm{N}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \\mathrm{NO}_{2}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d (Chemical equilibrium)? \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0983 \u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09ad\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u00a0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09ce\u09ae\u09c2\u0996\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u0995 \u0993 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<\/p>\n

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