{"id":3700,"date":"2022-03-24T05:15:07","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T05:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=3700"},"modified":"2023-06-22T17:18:08","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T11:18:08","slug":"questions-and-answers-regarding-the-la-shatellian-policy-statement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/questions-and-answers-regarding-the-la-shatellian-policy-statement\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09b2\u09be-\u09b6\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u098f\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? (The separation constant of acid?)<\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ad\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u00a0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\begin{array}{c}\n\n\\mathrm{HB}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}+\\mathrm{B}^{-} \\\\\n\nK_{a}=\\frac{\\left[\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{B}^{-}\\right]}{[\\mathrm{HB}]\\left[\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\right]} \\\\\n\n=\\frac{\\left[\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{B}^{-}\\right]}{[\\mathrm{HB}]}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0[\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09a8\u09df\u0964]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \\left[\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}\\right]<\/span><\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, \\mathrm{Ka}<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \\operatorname{mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u00a0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Discuss the order of acidity of hydracids?)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb HF, HCl, HBr, HI\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09a4\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a4\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u09be\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 H^{+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \\mathrm{Ka}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09c0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{HI}>\\mathrm{HBr}>\\mathrm{HCl}>\\mathrm{HF}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 HF \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8?<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u09e7\u0964 F^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc H \u2013 F \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09c0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09ae \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc k_{a}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e8\u0964 HF \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 H \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 H \u2013 F \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 k_{a}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{HCIO}_{4}, \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/b> \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0 \u0964 (Discuss the order of energy of \\mathrm{HCIO}_{4}, \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span> <\/b><\/b>and \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span><\/b>)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09cb \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a7\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a7\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09cb \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\u00a0H\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce H^{+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09b9\u099c \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 k_{a}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0993 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb-<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{HCIO}_{4}>\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}>\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span>\n

image not found sheet 32<\/h2>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0<\/b>\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span>, \u0993 \\mathrm{HNO}_{3}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? (\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span>, and\\mathrm{HNO}_{3}<\/span>, which is more acidic and why?)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09e8\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a7\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09cb-\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1 \u09a7\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0993 \u09a4\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0993 <\/span>0-<\/span>H\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 H \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u099f\u09bf H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 k_{a}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \\mathrm{HNO}_{3}, \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7, \\mathrm{HClO}_{4}>\\mathrm{HBrO}_{4}>\\mathrm{HIO}_{4}<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d? <\/b>(What do you mean by alkali separation constant?)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ad\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/b><\/p>\nB^{-}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{HB}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span>\n

\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995<\/span><\/p>\nK_{b}=\\frac{[H B]\\left[O H^{-}\\right]}{\\left[B^{-}\\right]\\left[H_{2} O\\right]}=\\frac{[H B]\\left[O H^{-}\\right]}{\\left[B^{-}\\right]}<\/span>\n

\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, k_{b}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c1\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \\operatorname{mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? <\/b>(What is meant by acidity of alkali?)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>1<\/span>\u00a0mol\u00a0<\/span>\u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099f\u09bf\u0995 (HCl) \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- \\mathrm{Ca}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac <\/span>2<\/span>;\u00a0CaO\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac 2<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\n\\mathrm{Ca}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}+2 \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{CaO}+2 \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{AI}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}, \\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3}, \\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0\u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Determine the acidity of \\mathrm{AI}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}, \\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3}, \\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}<\/span><\/b>)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df-<\/span><\/p>\n

\\begin{aligned} \\mathrm{Al}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}+6 \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow & 2 \\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\ & \\text { \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac-6 } \\\\ \\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}+6 \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow & 2 \\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\ & \\text { \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac-6 } \\\\ \\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3}+3 \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow & \\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\ & \\text { \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac-3 } \\end{aligned}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d?<\/b> (What do you mean by alkalinity of acid?)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 1 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 ( \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u0997\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7) \u09af\u09a4 mol \u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u00a0 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n2 \\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}, \\mathrm{SO}_{3}, \\mathrm{P}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{5}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0\u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u0964 (<\/b>Determine the alkalinity of \\mathrm{CO}_{2}, \\mathrm{SO}_{3}, \\mathrm{P}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{5}<\/span><\/b>)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\n\\mathrm{CO}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{NaOH} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{SO}_{2}+2 \\mathrm{NaOH} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{P}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{5}+6 \\mathrm{NaOH} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\n\n\\\\\n\n\\text { \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac-6 }\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}, \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{3}, \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{2}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span> \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Determine the alkalinity of \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}, \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{3}, \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{2}<\/span><\/b>)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u00a0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09cb \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span>O-H<\/span> \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099f\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09c0\u09df H\u00a0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0997\u09be\u09a0\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09c7\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09c7, \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 3, 2, 1<\/span><\/p>\n

image not found sheet 34<\/h2>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? <\/b>(The ionic product of water?)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0\u00a0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09be \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 K_{w}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span>
\n\\begin{aligned}\n\nK_{d} &=\\frac{\\left[\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]}{\\left[\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\right]^{2}} \\quad\\left[K_{d}=\\text { \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 }\\right] \\\\\n\n&=K_{w} \\\\\n\n\\end{aligned}<\/span>
\n\\begin{aligned}\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} & \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}^{+}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\\\\n\nK_{d} &=\\frac{\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]}{\\left[\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}\\right]} \\\\\n\n\\therefore\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right] &=K_{d} \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\\\\n\n&=K_{w}\n\n\\end{aligned}<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

25^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}<\/span> \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2 1 \\times 10^{-14}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\n{\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]=10^{-14}} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, }\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]^{2}=10^{-14} \\\\\n\n\\therefore \\quad\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]^{2}=10^{-7}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

( \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8)<\/span><\/p>\n

\\therefore \\quad\\left[H^{-}\\right]^{2}=10^{-7}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 <\/b>pH<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? <\/b>pOH<\/span> \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? <\/b>(What do you mean by <\/b>pH<\/span> and <\/b>pOH<\/span>)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09b2\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\begin{array}{c}\n\npH=-\\log 10\\left[H^{+}\\right] \\\\\n\n{\\left[H^{+}\\right]=10^{-P H}}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 1 \u098f\u0995\u0995 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09b2\u09c7 \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]=10<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0997\u09c1\u09a3 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 <\/span>3<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 <\/span>5<\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 10^{2}<\/span><\/span> \u0997\u09c1\u09a3 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>OH^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09b2\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pOH \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\begin{array}{c}\n\np O H=-\\log 10\\left(O H^{-}\\right) \\\\\n\n{\\left[O H^{-}\\right]=10^{-P O H}}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 pOH \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 <\/b>pH<\/span> \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Establish the pH scale from the ionic product of water)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

25<\/span>\u00b0C\u00a0<\/span>\u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09a3\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\n{\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]=10^{-14}} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } \\quad \\log \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]+\\log \\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]=\\log 10^{-14} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } \\quad-\\mathrm{pH}-\\mathrm{POH}=-14 \\\\\n\n\\therefore \\mathrm{pH}+\\mathrm{pOH}=14\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0,<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\n{\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]=10^{-14}} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } \\quad\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]^{2}=10^{-14} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } \\quad-\\log \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]^{2}=-\\log 10^{-14} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } 2 p H=14 \\\\\n\n\\therefore \\quad p H=7\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09af\u09cc\u0997\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 pH \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 7 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0990 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 7 \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0, \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \\left[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\right]<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 pH \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 7 \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, \u0995\u09c7\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u00a0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH = 7 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7, pH <7 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc, pH >7 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 1 M \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- HCl \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb 0 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u09b0 pOH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 14\u0964\u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 1M \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 pH \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 (0-14) \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 pH \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\"ph<\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0\u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be pH < 7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? <\/b>(Why is the aqueous solution of \\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0acidic or pH <7)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}<\/span> \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{CuSO}_{4}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}<\/span>\n

\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u0983\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\n\\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+\\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-} \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+4 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}+2 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7, \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span><7\u00a0<\/span> \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}<\/span><\/b>\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? <\/b>(Why is the aqueous solution of \\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0acidic?)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}<\/span> <\/span>\u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3}<\/span> <\/span>\u0993 \\mathrm{HCI}<\/span> \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3}<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u0993 \\mathrm{HCI}<\/span> \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09c0 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3}+3 \\mathrm{HCl}<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1, \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span> \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 p<\/span>H<\/span><7<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\n\\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}-\\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+3 \\mathrm{Cl}^{-} \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+6 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3}+3 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1, \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{O}^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0987 pH <7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be pH>7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? <\/b>(Why is the aqueous solution of \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span> <\/b>alkaline or pH> 7)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{C} \\mathrm{O}_{3}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons 2 \\mathrm{NaOH}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{NaOH}<\/span>\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH>7 \u09ac\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u0983<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3} \\rightleftharpoons 2 \\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{c}\n\n\\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\\\\n\n\\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc pH >7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0985\u09b8\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b2\u0998\u09c1\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Explain Oswald’s mitigation formula.)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ad\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u0964<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce,\u00a0 \u00a0\\text { \u09ac\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be = } \\frac{\\text { \u09ac\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be }}{\\text { \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u0990 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b2 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be }}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09b8\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0<\/span> \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0990 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u0964 \u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0997\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 <\/b>(Mathematical proof):<\/b>\u00a0 <\/b>\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{cccc}\n\n& H A & \\rightleftharpoons H^{+}+ & A^{-} \\\\\n\n\\text {\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc: } & C \\operatorname{molL}^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc: } & C(1-\\alpha) & C \\alpha & C \\alpha \\\\\n\n& \\operatorname{molL}^{1} & \\operatorname{molL}^{-1} & \\operatorname{molL}^{-1}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, \u2018C’ \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\alpha<\/span> <\/span>\u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2234<\/span> \u00a0 \u09ad\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\begin{array}{cccc}\n\nK_{a}=\\frac{\\left[H^{+}\\right]\\left[A^{-}\\right]}{[H A]}\\\\\n\n\\text{ \u09ac\u09be, } \\quad K_{a}=\\frac{C \\alpha \\cdot C \\alpha}{C(1-\\alpha)}\\\\\n\n\\text{ \u09ac\u09be, } K_{a}=\\frac{C^{2} \\alpha^{2}}{C(1-\\alpha)}\\\\\n\n\\text{ \u09ac\u09be, } K_{a}=\\frac{C \\alpha^{2}}{1-\\alpha}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09af\u09bc 1-<\\approx 1<\/span> <\/span>\u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\therefore \\quad k_{a}=C \\alpha^{2}<\/span>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \\alpha=\\sqrt{\\frac{k a}{c}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc k, \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09af\u09bc,<\/span><\/p>\nK_{a} \\propto \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{C}}<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0, \\quad \\alpha=\\sqrt{\\frac{K_{b}}{C}}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\\therefore K_{b} \\propto \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{c}}<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u0985\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09b8\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u0983<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e7\u0964 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e8\u0964 \u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae \u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u0985\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? \u098f\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Buffer solution,. Mention its classification.)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b8\u09b0\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 \u0985\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e7\u0964 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 <\/b>(Buffer solution of acidic nature):<\/b> \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0990 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8-<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}+\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa}\u00a0 \u0993\u00a0 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}+\\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}, \\mathrm{HCN}+\\mathrm{NaCN}<\/span>\n

\u09e8\u0964 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 <\/b>(Buffer solution of alkaline nature):<\/b> \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}+\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{Cl}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be, \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09cb\u0964 <\/b>(Explain the technique of buffer solution of acidic nature.)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09cb\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span>\n\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{Na}^{+}<\/span>\n

\u098f \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \\boldsymbol{H}^{+}<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 (Removal of \\boldsymbol{H}^{+}<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0ions):<\/b><\/p>\n

\u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce H^{+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span><\/span> \u098f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u098f\u09a4\u0987 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 H^{+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be, \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa}+\\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}+\\mathrm{NaCl}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \\boldsymbol{OH}^{-}<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 <\/b>(Removal of \\boldsymbol{OH}^{-}<\/span><\/b>\u00a0ion):<\/b>:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce OH^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0964 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09c3\u09a6\u09c1 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09be\u099f\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u0987\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 H^{+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{H}^{+}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \u00a0\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}+\\mathrm{NaOH} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09a4\u098f\u09ac, \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09c7, \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 <\/b>(Mechanism of buffer solution of alkaline nature):<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8-<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span>\n

\\mathrm{HCl}+\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{Cl}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span> [\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{CI}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8)\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}<\/span> \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \\boldsymbol{H}^{+}<\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 (Removal of \\boldsymbol{H}^{+}<\/span>\u00a0ion):<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u09ae\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 OH^{-}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 <\/span>P<\/span>H<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\mathrm{H}^{+}+\\mathrm{HO}^{-} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \\mathrm{HCl}+\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{Cl}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 OH^{-}<\/span> <\/span>\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09a4<\/b>\\boldsymbol{OH}^{-}<\/span><\/b>\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 <\/b>(Removal of <\/b>\\boldsymbol{OH}^{-}<\/span> ion):<\/b><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be<\/span>OH^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}<\/span><\/span> \u098f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09af\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09a4\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09ce \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0993 \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 pH<\/span>\u00a0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\n\\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH} \\\\\n\n\\text { \u09ac\u09be, } \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{Cl}+\\mathrm{NaOH} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{OH}+\\mathrm{NaCl}\n\n\\end{array}<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/b>H<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Equation for determining the pH of a buffer solution of an acidic nature)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa}<\/span> <\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH} \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COONa} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}+\\mathrm{Na}^{+}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u09be\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995\u00a0 k_{a}=\\frac{\\left[\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}\\right]\\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]}{\\left[\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}\\right]}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \\left[\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\right]=\\frac{\\mathrm{ka}\\left[\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}\\right]}{\\left[\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}\\right]}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 \\log \\left[H^{+}\\right]=\\log k_{a}-\\log \\frac{\\text { [\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1] }}{\\text { [\u09b2\u09ac\u09a3] }}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[ \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO}^{-}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be, \\mathrm{pH}=P K a+\\log \\frac{\\text { [\u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1] }}{\\text { [\u09b2\u09ac\u09a3] }}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09a5 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df- <\/b>(Henderson\u2013Hasselbalch equation)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\np O H=P K_{b}+\\log \\frac{[\\text { \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 }]}{[\\text { \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 }]}<\/span>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 14-pH=P K_{b}+\\log \\frac{[\\text { \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 }]}{[\\text { \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 }]} \\quad\\left[pH+p O H=14\\right]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u09ac\u09be,\u00a0 pH=14-P K_{b}+\\log \\frac{[\\text { \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 }]}{[\\text { \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995 }]}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0 \u0964 <\/b>(Describe the buffer strategy of blood)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 7.4\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 0.5 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}, \\mathrm{H} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099f\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \\mathrm{H} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e7\u0964 \\boldsymbol{H}^{+}<\/span><\/b> \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3: (Removal of \\boldsymbol{H}^{+}<\/span><\/b>) : <\/b>\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cb\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 <\/span>H^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc-<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{H}^{+}+\\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}<\/span> <\/span>\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \\mathrm{CO}_{2}<\/span>–<\/span>\u098f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09e8\u0964 \\boldsymbol{OH}^{-}<\/span> <\/b>\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 (Removal of \\boldsymbol{OH}^{-}<\/span><\/b>):<\/b> \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc-<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{CO}_{3}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f- \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 pH \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099f\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Describe the technique of buffering the protein in the blood)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099f\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b2\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\/\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09be \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u099c\u09c1\u0987\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u0989\u09ad\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09df \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ab\u09b8\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cc\u09b6\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964 <\/b>(Describe the technique of phosphate ion buffer solution in alkaline blood)<\/b><\/p>\n

\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ab\u09b8\u09ab\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u09ab\u09b8\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{-}<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \\mathrm{H}^{+}<\/span><\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc-<\/span><\/p>\n

\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}^{+} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09f0\u09ae\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc-<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\\mathrm{H}_{3} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}+\\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{-}+\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u0994\u09b7\u09a7\u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7, \u099f\u09af\u09bc\u09b2\u09c7\u099f \u09b0\u09bf\u099c \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7 pH<\/b> \u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac objective \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u0964 <\/b>(Importance of pH<\/b> in agriculture, industry, pharmaceutical industry, toilet ridge industry)<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/h3>\n

\u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ae\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c1\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 Ca \u0993 Mg \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> \u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- \\mathrm{KNO}_{3},\\left(\\mathrm{NH}_{4}\\right)_{2} \\mathrm{NO}_{3}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ab\u09b8\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- TSP \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09ae\u09dc\u09be\u09b0 p<\/span>H<\/span> 4.5-6 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 pH 5.5 \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0983 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d? (The separation constant of acid?) \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0: \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ad\u0997\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u00a0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0990 \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09df<\/p>\n

Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4228,3024,3031,50],"tags":[2597,2595,2598,2596],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3700"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3700"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3700\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15044,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3700\/revisions\/15044"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3700"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3700"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3700"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}