{"id":843,"date":"2022-03-24T12:35:38","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T12:35:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage-wp.10minuteschool.com\/?p=843"},"modified":"2023-06-22T17:24:12","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T11:24:12","slug":"ion-detection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/ion-detection\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0986\u09df\u09a8 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 (Ion detection)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 (Identification of Cations and Alkaline Radicals)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Na^+<\/span> \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Na <\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09cb \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0993\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 Na<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n2NaCl+K_2H_2Sb_2O_7 \\to Na_2H_2Sb_2O_7(\\downarrow)+2KCl<\/span>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>(\u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ca^{2+}<\/span> \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ca^{2+}<\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 [(NH_4)_2C_2O_4]<\/span> <\/span>\u09af\u09cb<\/span>\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09b8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09b8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nCaCl_2+(NH_4)_2C_2O_4\\; \\to\\; CaC_2O_4 (\\downarrow) + 2NH_4Cl<\/span>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (\u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa)<\/span><\/p>\nCaC_2O_4+2HCl\\; \\to\\; CaCl_2+H_2C_2O_4<\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pb^{2+}<\/span> \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Pb^{2+}<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u099f (K_2CrO_4)<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 (PbCrO_4)<\/span><\/span> \u09b9\u09b2\u09c1\u09a6 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nPb(NO_3)_2+K_2CrO_4\\; \\to\\; PbCrO_4 + 2KNO_3<\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cu^{2+}<\/span> \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cu^{2+}<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u099a\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n2CuSO_4+K_4[Fe(CN)_6]\\to Cu_2[Fe(CN)_6]+2K_2SO_4<\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n

NH_4OH<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be :<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a3 (Cu^{2+})<\/span><\/span> \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- CuSO_4<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 NH_4OH<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u00a0 Cu(OH)_2<\/span><\/span> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 NH_4OH<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0997\u09be\u09a2\u09bc \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 (II) \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

CuSO_4(aq)+NH_4OH(aq)\\to Cu(OH)_2(s)(\u09b9\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be \\; \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 )+(NH_4)_2SO_4(aq)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nCu(OH)_2(s)+(NH_4)_2SO_4+NH_4OH\\to [Cu(NH_3)_4SO_4]+H_2O <\/span>\n

[Cu(NH_3)_4SO_4]=<\/span> \u0997\u09be\u09a2\u09bc \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 (\u09b8\u09be\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099f\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995) (\u099f\u09c7\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 (II) \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f)<\/p>\n

Zn^{2+}<\/span> \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u09e7\u09a8\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Zn^{2+}<\/span> \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u099c\u09bf\u0982\u0995 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0990 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09bf\u0982\u0995 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n2ZnSO_4+K_4[Fe(CN)_6]\\to Zn_2[Fe(CN)_6]+2K_2SO_4<\/span>\n

\u09e8\u09a8\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u099c\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8- \u099c\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f, (ZnSO_4)<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7 <\/span><span style="font-weight: 400;">NaOH<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09a6\u09c3\u09b6 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 NaOH<\/span><\/span>–<\/span>\u098f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u099c\u09bf\u0982\u0995\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 (Na_2ZnO_2)<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 H_2S<\/span><\/span> \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 (ZnS<\/span><\/span>) \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 Zn^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nZnSO_4(aq)+2NaOH(aq)\\to Zn(OH)_2(\u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \\; \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa)+Na_2SO_4\\\\\n\nZn(OH)_2(s)+2NaOH(aq)\\to Na_2ZnO_2(aq)+2H_2O\\\\\n\nNa_2ZnO_2(aq)+H_2S(g)\\to ZnS(s)(\u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \\; \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa)+2NaOH(aq)<\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n

Al^{3+}<\/span> \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Al^{3+}<\/span> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7<\/span>\u00a0NH_4OH<\/span><\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 Al(OH)_3<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 NaOH<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc NH_4Cl<\/span><\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 Al(OH)_3<\/span><\/span>\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 Al^{3+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nAlCl_3+3NH_4OH\\to Al(OH)_3+3NH_4Cl\\\\\n\nAl(OH)_3+NaOH\\to NaAlO_2(\u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\\; \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u099f)+2H_2O\\\\\n\nNaAlO_2+NH_4Cl+H_2O\\to Al(OH)_3(\u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be\\; \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0\\; \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa)+NH_3+NaCl<\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 (Nessler Reagent)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u099f\u09c7\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09cb\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09c7\u099f \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09c7\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2 K_2[HgI_4]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3-\u098f \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0990 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nHgCl_2+2KI\\to 2KCl+HgI_2\\\\\n\nHgI_2+2KI\\to K_2[HgI_4]\\\\\n\nK_2HgI_4 + \\; \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \\to \u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \\; \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 (NH_4^+)<\/span>\u00a0\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nKOH+NH_4Cl\\to KCl+NH_3+H_2O\\\\\n\nK_2[HgI_4]\\to 2KI+HgI_2\\\\\n\n2HgI_2+2NH_3\\to NH_2[Hg_2I_3]([\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09cb\\; \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\\; \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1 (\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \\;\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0\\; \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa)]\n\n)+NH_4I<\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \u0995\u09c0\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 Fe^{2+}<\/span> \u0993 Fe^{3+}<\/span>\u00a0\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 (NH_4OH<\/span>) \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 (Fe^{2+}<\/span><\/span>) \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 NH_4OH<\/span><\/span> \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09ac\u09c1\u099c \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 [Fe(OH)_2<\/span><\/span>] \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 Fe^{2+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nFeSO_4+2NH_4OH\\to Fe(OH)_2+(NH_4)_2SO_4<\/span>\n

\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 Fe^{3+}<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nFeCl_3+3NH_4OH\\to Fe(OH)_3+3NH_4Cl<\/span>\n

\u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 (K_3[Fe(CN)_6])<\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09be\u09a2\u09bc \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b2\u09c1 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nFeSO_4+K_3[Fe(CN)_6]\\to KFe[Fe(CN)_6]+K_2SO_4<\/span>\n

\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nFeCl_3+K_3[Fe(Cn)_6]\\to Fe[Fe(CN)_6]+3KCl<\/span>\n

(\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 <\/strong>(K_4[Fe(CN)_6])<\/span> <\/strong>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nFeSO_4+K_4[Fe(CN)_6]\\to K_2Fe[Fe(CN)_6]+K_2SO_4<\/span>\n

\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 (Fe^{3+}<\/span><\/span>) \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09be\u09a2\u09bc \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nFeCl_3+K_4[Fe(CN)_6]\\to KFe[Fe(CN)_6]+3KCl<\/span>\n

\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f (NH_4CNS<\/span>):<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 (Fe^{3+}<\/span><\/span>) \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cb\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f\u09cb \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09a8 (iii) \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b2\u09be\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nFeCl_3+NH_4CNS+5H_2O\\to [Fe(H_2O)_5(CNS)]Cl_2+NH_4Cl<\/span>\n

\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b8 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09a7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

** [K_4[Fe(CN)_6]]<\/span>\u00a0(\u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987\u09a1) \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc Cu^{2+}, Zn^{2+}, Fe^{2+}, Fe^{3+}<\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0964]*<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8: \u0985\u09ae\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u098b\u09a3\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u0964<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0:<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a1<\/a> \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c0\u09a4\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 (AgX)<\/span> \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n

\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8: \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nNaCl+AgNO_3\\to AgCl(\u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \\;\u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa) +NaNO_3\\\\\n\nAgCl+2NH_4OH\\to [Ag(NH_3)_2]Cl(\u09a1\u09be\u0987 \\;\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\\; \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \\;(i)\\; \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1) +2H_2O<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 (AgBr)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b9\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c1\u09a6 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 Br^-<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nNaBr+AgNO_3\\to AgBr+NaNO_3\\\\\n\nAgBr+2NH_4OH\\to [Ag(NH_3)_2]Br+2H_2O<\/span>\n

\u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 (AgI)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u09b9\u09b2\u09c1\u09a6 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09c7 \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nNaI+AgNO_3\\to AgI+NaNO_3<\/span>\n

CO_3^{2-}<\/span> \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f [Ba(NO_3)_2]<\/span><\/span> \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1 [BaCl_2]<\/span><\/span> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 BaCO_3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09be \u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nNa_2CO_3+Ba(NO_3)_2\\to BaCO_3+2NaNO_3\\\\\n\nBaCO_3+2HCl\\to BaCl_2+CO_2+H_2O<\/span>\n

SO_4^{2-}<\/span> \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09a8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3 \u09af\u09be\u09c7\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 BaSO_4<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09be \u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7 \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/span><\/p>\nBa(NO_3)_2+Na_2SO_4\\to BaSO_4(\u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be\\; \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa)\n\n+2NaNO_3\\\\\n\nBaCl_2+Na_2SO_4\\to BaSO_4+2NaCl<\/span>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 (Identification of Cations and Alkaline Radicals) \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3: \u098f\u09b0 \u09b2\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09cb \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0985\u09a7\u0983\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0993\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n

Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3024,4226,3031,50],"tags":[287,250,286,284,249,251,285,283,230,225],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/843"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=843"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/843\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14866,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/843\/revisions\/14866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/10minuteschool.com\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}