Adverb
যে Part of Speech, Noun ও Pronoun ব্যতীত অন্য যে কোনো parts of speech, এমনকি কোনো Sentence-কে modify করে, তাকে Adverb বলে।
Adverb Classification
- Simple Adverb
- Interrogative Adverb
- Relative or Conjunctive Adverb
Simple Adverb
কোনো Word বা Sentence-কে modify করে যে Adverb তাকে Simple Adverb বলে।
Example: Simi talks politely.
Simple Adverb classification
- Adverb of Time
- Adverb of Place
- Adverb of Manner
- Adverb of Degree
- Adverb of Number
- Adverb of Order
- Adverb of Cause & Effect
- Adverb of Assertion
Adverb of Time: যে Adverb Verb-এর কার্য সম্পাদনের সময় প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adverb of Time বলে। Often, Sometimes, After, Before, Today, Tomorrow, Yesterday, Daily, Always, Now, Then, Ago, Never, Already.
Example: We planned the trip instantly.
Adverb of Place: যে Adverb Verb-এর কার্য সম্পাদনের স্থান প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adverb of Place বলে। Anywhere, Nowhere, Here, There, Up, Down, Below, Far, Near, Outside, Inside, In, Out, Neither, Thither, Above, etc. are used as Adverbs of Place.
Example: The children remained inside the house.
Adverb of Manner: যে Adverb Verb-এর কার্য সম্পাদনের পদ্ধতি প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adverb of Manner বলে। Quickly, Slowly, Wisely, Badly, Highly, Silently, certainly, Justly, Probably, Gently, Hardly, Well, So, Thus, How, etc are used as Adverb of Manner.
Example: The salesman gently asked what we wanted.
Adverb of Degree: যে Adverb Verb of Adjective-এর পরিমাণ বা মাত্রা প্রকাশ করে তাকে Adverb of Degree বলে। Fully, Wholly, Almost, Twice, Very, Much, Half, So, Extremely, Too, Quite, How, etc. are used as Adverb of Degree.
Example: He was extremely careful of his surroundings.
Adverb of Number: যে Adverb Verb-এর কার্য সম্পাদনের সংখ্যা প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adverb of Number বলে। Once, Twice, Often, Never, Always, Sometimes, Again, Seldom, etc are used as Adverb of Number.
Example: We visited our village once.
Adverb of Order: যে Adverb Verb-এর কার্য সম্পাদনের পর্যায় প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adverb of Order বলে। First, Second, Third, Last, Lastly, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, etc are used as Adverb of Order.
Example: Firstly, we made our dough for the pizza.
Adverb of Cause & Effect: যে Adverb Verb-এর কার্য সম্পাদনের কারণ বা ফলাফল প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adverb of Cause & Effect বলে। Hence, Accordingly, Consequently, Why, Therefore, Wherefore, As, Yet, So, Become, etc. are used as Adverbs of Cause & Effect.
Example: It had been raining since morning, yet we started our trip.
Adverb of Assertion: যে Adverb Verb-এর কার্য সম্পাদনের হ্যাঁ বোধক, না বোধক, সন্দেহ বা নিশ্চয়তা প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adverb of Assertion বলে। Yes, No, Surely, Certainly, Truly, Probably, Indeed, Really, Possibly, etc. are used as Adverbs of Assertion.
Example: I am truly grateful for your help.
Interrogative Adverb: যে Adverbপ্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞেস করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাকে Interrogative Adverb বলে। Example: When did they arrive?
Conjunctive Adverb: যে Adverb দুটি Clause-কে সংযুক্ত করে এবং কোনো Word-কে modify তাকে Conjunctive Adverb বলে।
Example: Can you send me the address where he lives?
Prepositional Adverb: যে Adverb Noun বা Adjective-এর পূর্বে কিছু Preposition যুক্ত হয়ে গঠিত, তাকে Prepositional Adverb বলে। To-day, To-morrow, Be-sides, A-way, In-deed, A-new, A-fresh, A-shore, etc are Prepositional Adverb
Example: Let’s start it afresh.
Introductory Adverb: Here বা There দিয়ে কখনো কখনো Sentence শুরু হয়, এবং এরা Adverb of Place বোঝায় না, এদের Introductory Adverb বলে।
Example: Here is our ride.
Compound Adverb: যে Adverb দুই বা ততোধিক শব্দ যুক্ত হয়ে গঠিত, তাকে Compound Adverb বলে।
Sentence Adverb: যে Adverb সম্পূর্ণ Sentence-কে modify করে, তাকে Sentence adv বলে। এ জাতীয় Adverb Sentence এর শুরুতে বসে, যেমন- Then, Now, Perhaps, Therefore, So, Yet, Otherwise, Moreover, However, Consequently, etc.
Quasi-adverb: Idiomatically ব্যবহৃত কিছু Adjective বিশেষ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, এদের Quasi Adverb বলে।Prior, Contrary, Previous, Preparatory, Preliminary, Pursuant, Regardless, Irrespective, etc. are used as Quasi-Adverb
Example: We rushed to the protest regardless of its consequences.
Adverbial Phrases: দুই বা ততোধিক Word পাশাপাশি বসে Adverb এর ন্যায় ব্যবহৃত হলে, তাকে Adverbial Phrases বলে।
Some Uses
-
Before and Ago
- Present Perfect, Simple Past, Past Perfect tense এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হয়- Before.
- শুধুমাত্র Simple Past Tense এ ব্যবহৃত হয়- Ago.
Example:
I have seen this movie before.
The food arrived ten minutes ago.
-
Late and Lately/Recently
Late শব্দের অর্থ ‘দেরি করে’। Lately/Recently শব্দের অর্থ ‘সম্প্রতি’
- Present Perfect Tense এ ব্যবহৃত হয়- Lately.
Present Perfect / Simple Past Tense এ ব্যবহৃত হয়- Recently
Example:
Last day, she came to school late.
I have been feeling sick lately.
-
Hard and Hardly
- Hard শব্দের অর্থ ‘কঠিন’। Hardly শব্দের অর্থ ‘কদাচিৎ’
- Verb এর পরে বসে Hard
- Verb এর পূর্বে বসে Hardly
Example:
He works very hard.
My uncle hardly comes home.
At present and Presently
- At present শব্দের অর্থ ‘এখন’।
- Presently শব্দের অর্থ ‘শীঘ্র’
Example:
We are staying in my uncle’s house at present.
I will come home presently.
Presently and Just now
- Future action বোঝাতে- Presently বসে।
- Past action বোঝাতে – Just now/ Just বসে।
Example:
We shall leave the house presently.
My father has just reached home.
-
Very and Much
- Positive degree এর পূর্বে Very বসে।
- Comparative degree এর পূর্বে much বসে।
Example:
We are very proud of you.
Hema is much quicker than Lisa.
Very much, Too much, Too many
- Very much শব্দের অর্থ ‘পূর্ণ রূপে’। Too much শব্দের অর্থ ‘অনুচিতভাবে বেশি’।
- Too many শব্দের অর্থ ‘অনেক’।
Example:
I have had too much food today.
He loves his daughter very much.
Well and Good
- Well, Adverb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Good, Adjective হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
Hasan can write well.
She did a good job.
-
Gradually and By and by
- Gradually অর্থ ‘ধীরে ধীরে’।
- By and by অর্থ ‘অবশেষে’।
Example:
I am learning about the project gradually.
We will forget this matter by and by.
-
Since and Ever since
- Since, Present Perfect এবং Past Perfect Tense এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Ever since, অতীতের ঘটনা বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Example:
We have been here since last Monday.
We met three years ago and have called each other ever since.
-
Already, Yet and Still
- Already শব্দের অর্থ ‘ইতোমধ্যে’।
- Yet শব্দের অর্থ ‘এখন পর্যন্ত’।
- Still শব্দের অর্থ ‘এখন পর্যন্ত চলতে থাকা কোনো কাজ’।
Example:
I have already finished my dinner.
My brother has not come yet.
We are still waiting for the letter.
-
Fairly and Rather
- কোনো adjective/Adverb দ্বারা পছন্দ বোঝালে, Fairly বসে।
- কোনো কিছুতে preference বোঝালে, Rather বসে।
Example:
He would rather be a liar, even though nobody likes him for that.
Everybody admires her because she is fairly intelligent.
-
Too+Adjective/Adverb
- এর অর্থ ‘অনুচিত ভাবে বেশি’।
Example:
The weather is too hot.
He is too late for the meeting.
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Too+Infinitive
- এটি দ্বারা ‘কোনো কিছু না হওয়ার কারণ’ বোঝায়।
Example:
Saima is too weak to walk.
The cup is too hot to hold.
-
Adjective/Adverb + Enough
- এটি দ্বারা ‘যথেষ্ট বা উচিত মাত্রা’ বোঝায়।
Example:
I am intelligent enough to pass the exam.
The weather is fair enough for a rickshaw ride.